Place-oriented or people-oriented concepts for destination loyalty: destination image and place attachment versus perceived distances and emotional solidarity
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Many studies have modeled several different concepts to explain destination loyalty; however, none have integrated place-oriented (e.g., destination image, place attachment) and people-oriented concepts (e.g., cultural distance, social distance, and emotional solidarity) for their relative influences on loyalty. The current study tested the influence of destination image (place-oriented) and perceived distances (people-oriented) as antecedents of place attachment (place-oriented) and emotional solidarity (people-oriented) for their relative influences on destination loyalty. Survey data collected from both domestic ( n=260) and international ( n=250) visitors to a city in Turkey, Antalya, revealed that place-oriented concepts (cognitive and affective destination images and place attachment) are better predictors of destination loyalty than people-oriented concepts (cultural distance, social distance, and emotional solidarity). Together, they explain about half of the variance in destination loyalty, 42% in past loyalty and 60% in future loyalty.
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Factors like emotional attachment, satisfaction, and place attachment can moderate the relationship between destination image and loyalty.
“Moreover, studies by Chiu et al. (2016) and Tasci et al. (2022) indicate that factors like emotional attachment, satisfaction, and place attachment can moderate this relationship.”
From A study on the influence of rural tourism’s perceived destination restorative qualities on loyalty based on SOR model (2025) · cites this paper as Tasci et al. (2022)
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Abbasi, A. Z., Rather, R. A., Ting, D. H., Nisar, S., Hussain, K., Khwaja, M. G., & Shamim, A. (2022) · Journal Of Vacation Marketing · doi:10.1177/13567667221118651 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The effect of resident-tourist interaction quality on destination image and loyalty
Stylidis, D., Woosnam, K. M., & Tasci, A. D. A. (2021) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2021.1918133 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Gorji, A. S., Almeida‐García, F., & Melé, P. M. (2022) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2022.101062 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Does Sincere Social Interaction Stimulate Tourist Immersion? A Conservation of Resources Perspective
Jiang, Z., & Tu, H. (2022) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875211067549 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Sharma, S., Stylidis, D., & Woosnam, K. M. (2022) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2022.2056001 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Zhu, X., & Chiou, S.-C. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141811755 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A construal level view of contemporary heritage tourism
Scarpi, D., & Raggiotto, F. (2022) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104648 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
He, M., Liu, B., & Li, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-10-2021-1237 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Tourist personality, value co‐creation, and emotional well‐being
Uslu, A., & Tosun, P. (2023) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12995 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Progress and Prospects of Destination Image Research in the Last Decade
Chu, Q., Bao, G., & Sun, J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141710716 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Jiang, L., Eck, T., & An, S. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221087263 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Stylidis, D., & Domínguez-Quintero, A. M. (2022) · Tourism Planning & Development · doi:10.1080/21568316.2022.2049859 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ye, D., Cho, D., Liu, F., Xu, Y., Jia, Z., & Chen, J. (2022) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-022-00952-1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Wei, M., Liu, M., Peng, Y., Zhou, X. L., & Li, S. (2022) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2553 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Azinuddin, M., Hanafiah, M. H., Shariffuddin, N. S. M., Kamarudin, M. K. A., & Som, A. P. M. (2022) · Journal of Ecotourism · doi:10.1080/14724049.2022.2085283 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Tosun, P., Uslu, A., & Erul, E. (2024) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2024.2316857 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Luong, T. (2023) · Journal of Ecotourism · doi:10.1080/14724049.2023.2286886 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Stylidis, D., Woosnam, K. M., & Kim, S. (2022) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2515 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Su, L., Tang, B., & Nawijn, J. (2021) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875211056683 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Joo, D., Cho, H., & Woosnam, K. M. (2023) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101075 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Exploring the Influence of Touch Points on Tourist Experiences at Crisis Impacted Destinations
Krey, N., Dieck, M. C. T., Wu, S. F., & Fountoulaki, P. (2021) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875211053657 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Talukder, M. B., Kumar, S., Misra, L. I., & Kabir, F. (2024) · Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum · doi:10.31648/aspal.9275 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kamath, V., Ribeiro, M. A., Woosnam, K. M., Mallya, J., & Kamath, G. B. (2021) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875211057600 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Aleshinloye, K. D., Woosnam, K. M., & Joo, D. (2024) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights · doi:10.1108/jhti-09-2023-0664 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Understanding environmentally responsible behavior of tourists at coastal tourist destinations
Aziz, S., & Niazi, M. A. K. (2023) · Social Responsibility Journal · doi:10.1108/srj-10-2022-0412 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Emotional solidarity and destination loyalty amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparison of two scales
Woosnam, K. M., Joo, D., Aleshinloye, K. D., & Denley, T. J. (2021) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2021.1969317 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Exploring residents’ helping and tolerant behavior through the lens of cultural intelligence
Li, X., Xie, J., Feng, Z., & Chan, H. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.02.008 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The role of authenticity, involvement and experience quality in heritage destinations
Uslu, A., Virto, N. R., Eren, R., & López, M. F. B. (2024) · Tourism & Management Studies · doi:10.18089/tms.20240306 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Alashiq, S., & Aljuhmani, H. Y. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17104353 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cognitive Image, Mental Imagery, and Responses (CI-MI-R): Mediation and Moderation Effects
Loureiro, S. M. C., Roschk, H., Ali, F., & Friedmann, E. (2021) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875211004768 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lee, S., Joo, D., & Woosnam, K. M. (2022) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2534 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wei, Y., Liu, H., Zhuo, W., & Park, K. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17104404 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Enhancing emotional responses of tourists in cultural heritage tourism: the case of Pingyao, China
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., & Lu, S. (2023) · Journal of Heritage Tourism · doi:10.1080/1743873x.2023.2254420 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Exploring touristic experiences on destination image modification
Lee, E., Chung, N., & Koo, C. (2023) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101114 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Destination image and tourist motivations as antecedents of tourist engagement
Tena, M. Á. M., Hernández-Lobato, L., Fandos-Roig, J. C., & Solís-Radilla, M. M. (2023) · International Journal of Tourism Cities · doi:10.1108/ijtc-09-2022-0214 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ng, S. I., Lim, X., Hall, C. M., Tee, K. K., Basha, N. K., Ibrahim, W. S. N. B., & Koupaei, S. N. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142114327 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Does Value Lead to Loyalty? Exploring the Important Role of the Tourist–Destination Relationship
Wang, H., Yang, Y., & He, W. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12050136 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nam, S., Oh, Y., Hong, S., Lee, S., & Kim, W. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14073839 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Choice Overload in Tourism: Moderating Roles of Hypothetical and Social Distance
Park, S., & Eves, A. (2023) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875231197379 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Uslu, A., Erul, E., Santos, J. A. C., Obradović, S., & Santos, M. C. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151310013 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zhu, N., Xu, H., Zhang, X., & Chen, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1529686 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Lai, I. K. W., Wong, J. W. C., & Hitchcock, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2022.2130339 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Community factors affecting residents’ support for tourism
Schlesinger, W., Cervera, A., & Crespi‐Vallbona, M. (2023) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2023.2244199 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Rahman, A., Farooq, N., Haleem, M., Shah, S. M. A., & El-Gohary, H. O. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152416601 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hong, V. L., & Hsu, L. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.11.010 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Singh, S., Lee, S., & Tsai, C.-H. K. (2025) · Journal of Destination Marketing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2025.100997 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fostering Employee Customer-Oriented Boundary Spanning Behaviors: The Role of Inclusive Leadership
Wang, Z., Ye, Y., Huang, Q., Liu, X., & Fan, Y. (2023) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875231187889 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Can residents engage potential tourists as ‘micro’ and ‘nano’ influencers?
Wei, H., & Zhang, T. (2023) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2023.2260062 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
van den Heuvel, L., Blicharska, M., Stensland, S., & Rönnbäck, P. (2022) · Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism · doi:10.1016/j.jort.2022.100549 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Repeat tourists’ perceived unfavorable changes and their effects on destination loyalty
Hu, Y., & Xu, S. (2022) · Tourism Review · doi:10.1108/tr-05-2022-0235 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Strandberg, C. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101989 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ahmadi, R., Asemani, M., Hamidi, N., Rezaei, S. S., Ahmadi, A., Amirahmadi, F., Aghaei, S., & Bayat, F. (2024) · Journal of Housing and the Built Environment · doi:10.1007/s10901-024-10146-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Rejuvenating psychological well-being through work staycation: a COR perspective
Misra, R., Jain, V., Srivastava, S., & Tewary, T. (2022) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2022.2088006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Singh, N. K., Yu, J., Ariza‐Montes, A., & Han, H. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01527-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zeng, Y., Filimonau, V., Wang, L., & Zhong, L. (2023) · Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism · doi:10.1016/j.jort.2023.100658 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gedecho, E. K., Chua, B., Kim, S., Kim, B., & Han, H. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.07.011 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tourist Motivation as an Antecedent of Destination and Ecotourism Loyalty
Hoang, S. D., Pham, T. P., & Tučková, Z. (2022) · Emerging Science Journal · doi:10.28991/esj-2022-06-05-014 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Destination and Sport Event: Image, Attachment and Loyalty Relationship
Kusumah, E. P. (2022) · Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR) · doi:10.30519/ahtr.1100956 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Influence of Different Factors of Product Attachment on Taoist Tourism Loyalty
Shen, C.-C., Liu, H.-L., & Wang, D. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15032123 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Xia, Y., Mohammad, J., & Quoquab, F. (2024) · Journal of Tourism Futures · doi:10.1108/jtf-03-2023-0080 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Stylidis, D., & Terzidou, M. (2024) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875241284619 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Qu, Y., Wang, W., & Han, R. (2023) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2023.2215976 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Psychological restoration, place attachment and satisfaction in birders and non-birding visitors
Randler, C., Friedrich, S., & Koch, S. (2023) · Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism · doi:10.1016/j.jort.2023.100679 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Film-induced senior tourism and destination loyalty
Han, H., Otoo, F. E., Kim, S., Radić, A., Quan, W., & Lee, S.-M. (2024) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2024.2362113 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Phakdee-Auksorn, P., Soonsan, N., Sungthong, S., & Chunjan, K. (2025) · Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism · doi:10.1080/1528008x.2025.2528951 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The effects of host sincerity on tourists’ perceived destination image
Wu, L., Taheri, B., Okumuş, F., & Wang, S. (2021) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2021.2011861 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Destination image and loyalty: examining satisfaction, place attachment, and perceived safety
Luong, T. (2023) · Journal of Policy Research in Tourism Leisure and Events · doi:10.1080/19407963.2023.2273557 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Brand destination loyalty: the antecedents of destination brand experience
Rini, E. S., Rombe, E., & Tarigan, M. I. (2024) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2024.2320992 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Luong, T. (2025) · International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks · doi:10.1016/j.ijgeop.2025.02.001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of the antecedents and outcomes of tourist place attachment
Cai, X., Hu, Z., He, J., Zou, X., & Morrison, A. M. (2025) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2025.02.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Comparative Study of Emotional Solidarity Between Homestay Hosts and Tourists
Tang, J., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875221145127 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Rao, Y., & Lai, I. K. W. (2023) · Tourism Review · doi:10.1108/tr-08-2022-0391 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gautam, V., & Bhalla, S. (2024) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2739 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Liu, N., Sun, X., Hong, S., & Zhang, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1080090 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wu, H., Zhu, L., Li, J., Zhang, N., Sun, Y., Tang, Y., Wang, X., & Cheng, C. (2023) · Land · doi:10.3390/land12071472 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chang, M.-H., & Ko, E. E. (2024) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2690 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The evolution and application of emotional solidarity theory in tourism behaviour research
Erul, E., & Woosnam, K. M. (2024) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2024.2410941 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Travel with your textbooks: How cultural memory mediums affect tourist behavior
Zhang, Y., & Wei, Z. (2025) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2025.05.014 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Revisiting a destination image model in the social media context
Park, H., & Lee, S. (2022) · Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism · doi:10.1080/15313220.2022.2096177 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rural residents’ social distance with tourists: an affective interpretation
Woosnam, K. M., Joo, D., Ribeiro, M. A., Gaither, C. J., Sánchez, J. J., & Brooks, R. (2023) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2023.2191836 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
‘You wouldn’t want to go there’: what drives the stigmatization of a destination?
Qeidari, H. S., Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., Vo‐Thanh, T., & Zaman, M. (2023) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2023.2175561 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Understanding Residents’ Attitudes Towards Tourists Through Implicit Stereotypes
Tse, S. W. T., & Tung, V. W. S. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/10963480231175516 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Broadening tourism experience and destination image
Guerreiro, M., Pinto, P. S. L. G. D. S., Bagheri, F., & DeMatos, N. (2025) · European Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.54055/ejtr.v39i.3743 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cavalcante, W. Q. F., Coelho, A., & Bairrada, C. M. (2025) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.3237 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhang, B., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0325892 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Eck, T., Zielinski, S., & Ahn, Y. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18041957 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Establishing a destination image scale
Stylidis, D. (2024) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2024.2337274 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gao, J., Meng, F., Guo, W., & Lin, B. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296944 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Traveling, Showing Status and Being Conspicuous: The Power of Destination as a Conspicuous Brand
Šagovnović, I., & Kovačić, S. (2024) · The international journal of tourism research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2744 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kim, S.-S., Kwon, H., & Shi, J. J. (2024) · Tourism Review International · doi:10.3727/194344224x17241867870998 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The role of inferred motive in shaping tourists’ reactions to intentional failures
Nazifi, A., Seyfi, S., & Roschk, H. (2025) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2025.2483815 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Guerreiro, M., Pinto, P. S. L. G. D. S., Matos, N., Bagheri, F., Sequeira, B. D., & Parra, A. (2025) · Journal Of Vacation Marketing · doi:10.1177/13567667251335045 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lv, D., Qin, S., Sun, R., Jiang, X., Cheng, R., & Sun, W. (2025) · Land · doi:10.3390/land14071405 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Emotional solidarity theory in tourism: the systematic literature review
Aleshinloye, K. D., Tkatch, J. R. V., & Mun, N. Y. (2025) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2025.2558919 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
da Silva, M. F., Martins, F. M. C. P. F., da Costa, C. M. M., & Pita, C. (2024) · European Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.54055/ejtr.v37i.3238 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Serrano‐Arcos, M. M., Sánchez‐Fernández, R., & Mesa, J. C. P. (2024) · Oeconomia Copernicana · doi:10.24136/oc.2755 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Matyusupov, B., Bande, B., & Castro‐González, S. (2024) · Services Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15332969.2024.2424045 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gastronomy Tourism Destination Image Formation: Findings from PLS-SEM and fsQCA
Li, Z., Hu, Q.-Z., & Liu, S. (2025) · Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism · doi:10.1080/1528008x.2025.2582536 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dong, Y., & Qu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010589 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Examining Relationships Among Emotional Experience, Place Identity, and Destination Loyalty
Baniya, R., Chaulagain, S., & Okumuş, B. (2024) · Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR) · doi:10.30519/ahtr.1309241 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tasci, A. D. A., Uslu, A., Stylidis, D., & Woosnam, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Central Florida (US)
- Akdeniz University (TR)
- Middlesex University London (GB)
- University of Georgia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tasci, Asli D.A.
- Venue
- Journal of Travel Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-01-12
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 430-453
- ISSN
- 0047-2875 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6763
- OpenAlex
- W3119277892
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 42.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Travel Research (publishedVersion)
- Middlesex University Research Repository (Middlesex University Of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Place Attachment and Urban Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Customer Service Quality and Loyalty
- Keywords
- tourist loyalty, destination image, place attachment, cultural distance, social distance, emotional solidarity, perceived distance, tourist behavior
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