Measuring public speaking anxiety: Self-report, behavioral, and physiological
Open accessAbstract
Self-reports are typically used to assess public speaking anxiety. In this study, we examined whether self-report, observer report, and behavioral and physiological reactivity were associated with each other during a speech challenge task. A total of 95 university students completed a self-report measure of public speaking anxiety before and after the speech challenge. Speech duration (i.e., behavioral measure), physiological reactivity, as well as speech performance evaluated by the participants and observers were also recorded. The results suggest that self-reported public speaking anxiety predicts speech duration, as well as speech quality, as rated by the participants themselves and observers. However, the physiological measures were not associated with self-reported anxiety during the speech task. Additionally, we observed that socially anxious participants underrate their speech performance in comparison to their observers' evaluations.
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A previous study by Gallego et al. (2022) showed that participants' self-reports of their public speaking anxiety were in correspondence with their actual behavior.
“A previous study by Gallego et al. (2022) showed that participants ' self-reports of their public speaking anxiety were in correspondence with their actual behavior.”
From Virtual reality acceptance and commitment therapy intervention for social and public speaking anxiety: A randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as Gallego et al. (2022)
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“In another study, researchers found no statistically significant difference in the degree of anxiety experienced while presenting a traditional face-to-face speech versus delivering a speech utilizing web conferencing technology (Gallego et al., 2021).”
BackgroundStudents' Perception on Public Speaking Lecture for Their Speaking Ability
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'Being a Great Speaker' Training to Improve Student Public Speaking Skills
Eunike, P. (2023) · Psikostudia Jurnal Psikologi · doi:10.30872/psikostudia.v12i3.11778
“Dengan adanya rasa percaya diri, komunikasi verbal dan non-verbal subjek juga menjadi lebih terkontrol dan dapat disampaikan dengan baik (Nadiah et al., 2019; Bilgin, 2022). serta menjadikan isi firmannya menjadi lebih berkualitas (Gallego et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSPEAKING ANXIETY AMONG MALAY ESL LEARNERS AT A PRIVATE UNIVERSITY: A GENDER-BASED STUDY
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Athena, T., Kiptiyah, M., & Jannah, F. (2023) · NOBEL Journal of Literature and Language Teaching · doi:10.15642/nobel.2023.14.2.191-205
“Speaking anxiety can be a type of anxiety disorder that occurs when a person feels nervous about giving a speech or preparing to speak in front of others (Gallego et al., 2022).”
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Fostering Effective Communication: Public Speaking Training for Sepama Teachers in Cambodia
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“…reported that there are four phases of any public speaking activity: first is anticipation—pre-speech, second is confrontation—the first speaking minute, third is the adaptation—the last speaking minute and finally, the fourth is time between the end of the speech and 1-minute post-speech [17].”
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“These agreement levels are consistent with reports on this task in the literature; for example, Gallego et al., 2021; Harb et al., 2003; Thompson et al., 2019).”
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“By combining self-reported evaluations with physiological mea - sures, this study aims to capture both explicit biases that emerge in self-reports and implicit biases revealed through physiological responses that may not be detectable through self-reporting alone (Gallego et al., 2021).”
Oral Presentation Anxiety Among Grade 11 Senior High School Students Of Notre Dame Of Jolo College
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“Cognitively, anxiety is expressed through fear of negative evaluation, mental blocks, and negative self-talk, which disrupt speech organization and delivery (Gallego et al., 2022).”
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“Public speaking anxiety (PSA) is a major barrier, often associated with low self-efficacy and fear of negative evaluation [7],[8].”
Actionable quantification of fear of public speaking for VR-based treatment and training
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EEG Signal Processing for Anxiety Detection Using Selective Spectral Coding
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CogniVox - Interactive Training System for Enhancing Public Speaking and Interview Skills
Hettiarachchi, H. A. K. P., Nimsara, A. G. N., Jayasundara, J. I. Y. D., Silva, P. D. P. S. D., & Silva, D. I. D. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS) · doi:10.1109/i2cacis69435.2026.11600325
“…research paints a concerning picture: in one study, 50% of participants reported high levels of public speaking anxiety, 41% reported moderate levels, and only 9% reported low levels, highlighting the widespread prevalence of this issue and the urgent need for effective training interventions [1].”
How gender shapes public speaking in virtual reality: a multimodal analysis
Ristorcelli, M., Casanova, R., & Ochs, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1954571
“The literature also largely reports that higher self-reported public speaking anxiety is tied to shorter speech duration and poorer self-perceived speech quality (Gallego et al., 2022).”
- Authors
- Gallego, A., McHugh, L., Penttonen, M., & Lappalainen, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Gallego, Ana
- Venue
- Behavior Modification
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-02-16
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 782-798
- ISSN
- 0145-4455 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4167
- PMC
- PMC9158251
- OpenAlex
- W3131406743
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 7.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Behavior Modification (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- jyvaskylan yliopisto (04-2017)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- public speaking anxiety, self-report, observer ratings, speech duration, speech quality, physiological reactivity, social anxiety, self-evaluation of performance, university students
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Speech, Self Report
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