Biased perceptions of physiological arousal in social anxiety: Understanding the role of objective and subjective physiological arousal in the discrepancy between self and observer perceptions of social performance
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Abstract Background Individuals with social anxiety underestimate their social performance compared to observers (i.e., self-observer discrepancy). Cognitive models suggest that heightened attention to, and exaggerated perception of, physiological symptoms of anxiety results in the construction of (inaccurate) mental representations of their external appearance. This study examined the relative contribution of subjective physiological arousal, self-focused attention and objective physiological arousal in predicting self-observer discrepancies during a speech performance task. Method Participants with high (N = 39) and low (N = 36) levels of speech anxiety completed a 10-minute speech task, with continuous measurement of objective physiological arousal (heart rate and skin conductance), self-reported subjective physiological arousal and focus of attention. Speech performance quality was rated by participants and observers to assess self-observer discrepancy. Results There was higher self-observer discrepancy, self-focused attention and subjective physiological arousal in the high vs. low anxiety group, but no significant difference in objective physiological arousal. Subjective physiological arousal and self-focused attention predicted self-observer discrepancy, but objective physiological arousal did not. Conclusions Results are consistent with cognitive models of social anxiety suggesting that cognitive and attentional biases, rather than differences in objective physiological experience, are key in understanding self-observer discrepancies in social anxiety.
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Individuals with social anxiety may display biases in their perception of physiological arousal and social performance.
“Moreover, individuals with social anxiety may display biases in their perception of physiological arousal and social performance (Thomas & Johnco, 2025).”
From Speaking face-to-face with a virtual avatar to reduce anxiety in students who stutter: Tool development and pilot study results. (2026) · cites this paper as Thomas & Johnco, 2025
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- Authors
- Thomas, T., & Johnco, C.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Thomas, Teegan
- Johnco, Carly
- ORCID
- Johnco, Carly
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2025-02-28
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 824-834
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- OpenAlex
- W4408042215
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3
- FWCI
- 3.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Macquarie University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- social anxiety, physiological arousal, self-focus, speaking anxiety, speech performance, heart rate, skin conductance, cognitive biases, attentional bias
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