Race/ethnicity, social support, and associations with diabetes self-care and clinical outcomes in NHANES.
Open accessAbstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate how social support and race/ethnicity were associated with diabetes self-care behaviors and clinical outcomes. Methods Using the cross-sectional 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the authors examined white, black, and Latino respondents who self-reported a diabetes diagnosis (n = 450), estimating the associations of social support on diabetes outcomes. The primary exposure was a social support index (0-5), which assessed the number of sources of support in one’s life. Outcomes were self-care behaviors (controlling weight, exercising, controlling fat/caloric intake, checking feet, and self-monitoring blood glucose) and intermediate clinical outcomes (hemoglobin A1C, diastolic blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein [LDL]). Results There were no differences in social support by race/ethnicity. The authors observed several significant race/ethnicity by social support interactions in adjusted models, controlling for age, gender, education, self-reported health, depression, functional disability, insurance status, and insulin use. Among blacks, social support was associated with controlling weight (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55, P = .03), exercising (OR = 1.38, P = .03), controlling fat/ calories (OR = 1.84, P = .03), and lower diastolic blood pressure (β = -3.07, P = .02). Among whites, social support was associated with lower LDL (β = -9.45, P = .01). No significant effects were noted for Latinos. Conclusions The relationship of social support with diabetes management differed by race/ethnicity, with the strongest findings among blacks. Social support may be influential for maintaining self-care behaviors among blacks and controlling lipid levels among whites.
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- Authors
- Rees, C. A., Karter, A. J., & Young, B. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System (US)
- Venue
- The Diabetes Educator
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-03-23
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 435-445
- ISSN
- 0145-7217 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-6063
- PMC
- PMC2878375
- OpenAlex
- W2130614748
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (HS013853, T32HS013853)
- U.S. Public Health Service (R01 DKO79745-01)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK080726, R01DK081796, R01DK065664)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- diabetes self-care, social support, race and ethnicity, racial disparities, diabetes management, HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, weight management, physical activity, dietary fat intake, foot self-examination, self-monitoring of blood glucose, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, White Americans
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Diet, Diabetic, Ethnicity, Humans, Nutrition Surveys, Self Care, Social Support, Health Behavior, Racial Groups
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