Changes in social relationships during an initial “stay-at-home” phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal survey study in the U.S.
Open accessAbstract
Rationale Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, and consequent social distancing directives have been observed to negatively impact social relationships but the impact of these changes on the quality of social relationships at a population level has not been explored.Objective To evaluate changes in social relationships in a U.S. population sample during a time of social distancing.Methods We deployed a matched, longitudinal survey design of the National Institutes of Health Adult Social Relationship Scales to assess the social aspects of emotional support, instrumental support, friendship, loneliness, perceived hostility, and perceived rejection from a time without social distancing (February 2018) to a time where social distancing directives were active (May 2020). Changes in social relationships were compared using paired t-tests, and generalized linear regression models were constructed to identify subpopulations experiencing differential changes in each subdomain of social relationships during social distancing.Results Within our sample population, individuals experienced an increased sense of emotional support, instrumental support, and loneliness, and decreased feelings of friendship and perceived hostility during a period of social distancing. Individuals with low self-rated health experienced a decreased sense of emotional support, and females experienced increased feelings of loneliness compared with males.Conclusions Social distancing measurably impacts social relationships and may have a disproportionate impact on females and individuals with lower self-rated health. If novel emergent infectious diseases become more commonplace, social interventions may be needed to mitigate the potential adverse impact of social distancing on social relationships.
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Young women report greater risk for loneliness and emotional difficulties than men amidst the pandemic.
“For example, young women report greater risk for loneliness and emotional difficulties than men amidst the pandemic (Elmer et al., 2020, Philpot et al., 2021).”
From Young Adult Adaptability to the Social Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Protective Role of Friendships (2022) · cites this paper as Philpot et al., 2021
The Results section (page unavailable) reports greater increases in loneliness among female than male respondents during social distancing. It does not establish this finding specifically for young women—the sample’s average age was 60—or report a comparable gender difference in emotional difficulties. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDifferences based on gender and sexual orientation replicate earlier findings demonstrating greater risks for females and sexual minority young adults.
“The differences based on gender and sexual orientation also replicate earlier findings demonstrating greater risks for females (Elmer et al., 2020, Philpot et al., 2021) and sexual minority young adults (Baumel et al., 2021).”
From Young Adult Adaptability to the Social Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Protective Role of Friendships (2022) · cites this paper as Philpot et al., 2021
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- Authors
- Philpot, L. M., Ramar, P., Roellinger, D. L., Barry, B. A., Sharma, P., & Ebbert, J. O.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Mayo Clinic Health System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Philpot, Lindsey M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 274
- Pages
- 113779
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7895700
- OpenAlex
- W3129271121
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 15
- FWCI
- 15.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing, interpersonal relationships, loneliness, emotional support, instrumental support, friendship, perceived hostility, perceived rejection, self-rated health, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Pandemics
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