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Promotion Orientation Explains Why Future-Oriented People Exercise and Eat Healthy: Evidence From the Two-Factor Consideration of Future Consequences-14 Scale
Abstract
The authors extended research linking individual differences in consideration of future consequences (CFC) with health behaviors by (a) testing whether individual differences in regulatory focus would mediate that link and (b) highlighting the value of a revised, two-factor CFC-14 scale with subscales assessing concern with future consequences (CFC-Future) and concern with immediate consequences (CFC-Immediate) proper. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the revised CFC-14 scale supported the presence of two highly reliable factors (CFC-Future and CFC-Immediate; αs from .80 to .84). Moreover, structural equation modeling showed that those high in CFC-Future engage in exercise and healthy eating because they adopt a promotion orientation. Future use of the two-factor CFC-14 scale is encouraged to shed additional light on how concern with future and concern with immediate consequences (proper) differentially impact the way people resolve a host of intertemporal dilemmas (e.g., health, financial, and environmental behavior).
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“We measured future orientation by using six items of the two-factor Consideration of Future Consequences Scale, CFC-14 (α = 0.77 for UK and α = 0.70 for Turkey) [29].”
From Adaptive function and correlates of anxiety during a pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Joireman, J., Shaffer, M. J., Balliet, D., & Strathman, A.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Missouri (US)
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-07-25
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1272-1287
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2113163407
- Cited by
- 466
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 27.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- consideration of future consequences, regulatory focus, promotion focus, prevention focus, exercise behavior, healthy eating, health behavior, individual differences, intertemporal choice
- MeSH terms
- Attitude to Health, Eating, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Forecasting, Health Promotion, Humans, Orientation, Personality, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Time Perception, Health Behavior, Exercise
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