Searching as learning: A systematization based on literature
Abstract
The paper surveys empirical studies on the relations between information searching and learning, and presents some reflections about learning in a search process based on the findings. First, the meaning of the concepts ‘learning’ and ‘searching’ is briefly defined. Learning is conceptualized as changes in one’s knowledge structures. Then it is described more in detail how learning occurs in the search process. The point of departure is to focus on tasks that require the restructuring of knowledge structures and to analyse how gradual stabilization of those structures is related to accessing and interacting with information sources. After that, empirical studies on searching and learning are categorized by identifying independent and dependent variables in those studies. In conclusion, some general remarks on the topic are presented.
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The study found significant differences in performance across different technologies in tasks involving knowing, understanding, and applying (Task 1 and Task 2), with both the ChatGPT and Google groups outperforming the control group in these tasks.
“The study found significant differences in performance across different technologies in tasks involving knowing, understanding, and applying (i.e., Task 1 and Task 2). Both the ChatGPT and Google groups outperformed the control group in these tasks, aligning with Vakkari's findings on the relationship between Bloom's taxonomy and search tasks [15].”
From Short-Term Gains, Long-Term Gaps: The Impact of GenAI and Search Technologies on Retention (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
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An exploration of search-as-learning in digital archives of an online museum
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- Authors
- Vakkari, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Tampere (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Vakkari, Pertti
- ORCID
- Vakkari, Pertti
- Venue
- Journal of Information Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-01-12
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-18
- ISSN
- 0165-5515 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-6485
- OpenAlex
- W2237396823
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 36.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Information Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information Retrieval and Search Behavior
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Library Science and Information Literacy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Keywords
- information searching, learning, knowledge structure, knowledge restructuring, information seeking, information sources, independent and dependent variables
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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