Advancing the search frontier with AI agents

A revision of bloom's taxonomy: an overview

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Optimizing search engines using clickthrough data

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Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks

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Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4

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Exploratory search: from finding to understanding

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Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools

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Toolformer: language models can teach themselves to use tools

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Human-Centered AI

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Task complexity affects information seeking and use

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Machine Unlearning

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Personalizing search via automated analysis of interests and activities

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Sense‐making theory and practice: an overview of user interests in knowledge seeking and use

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Orca: Progressive Learning from Complex Explanation Traces of GPT-4Preprint

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Task complexity affects information seeking and use

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Fine-Tuning Language Models from Human Preferences

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Where should the person stop and the information search interface start?

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Modeling the impact of short- and long-term behavior on search personalization

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Generating Clarifying Questions for Information Retrieval

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AutoGen: Enabling Next-Gen LLM Applications via Multi-Agent Conversation

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Searching as learning: A systematization based on literature

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Perspectives on Large Language Models for Relevance Judgment

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Large Language Models can Accurately Predict Searcher Preferences

Thomas, P., Spielman, S., Craswell, N., & Mitra, B. (2024) · Proceedings of the 47th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3626772.3657707 · Cited by 168 · see citing works

Interactions with Search Systems

White, R. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139525305 · Cited by 153 · see citing works

Towards Understanding and Mitigating Social Biases in Language Models

Liang, P. P., Wu, C., Morency, L.-P., & Salakhutdinov, R. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2106.13219 · Cited by 153 · see citing works

Textbooks Are All You Need

Gunasekar, S., Zhang, Y., Aneja, J., Mendes, C. C. T., Del Giorno, A., Gopi, S., Javaheripi, M., Kauffmann, P., de Rosa, G., Saarikivi, O., et al. (2023) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2306.11644 · Cited by 138 · see citing works

Large scale query log analysis of re-finding

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Discovering and using groups to improve personalized search

Teevan, J. B., Morris, M. R., & Bush, S. (2009) · ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM) · doi:10.1145/1498759.1498786 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

Supporting Complex Search Tasks

Awadallah, A. H., White, R. W., Pantel, P., Dumais, S., & Wang, Y. (2014) · ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM) · doi:10.1145/2661829.2661912 · Cited by 96 · see citing works

Search, interrupted

Agichtein, E., White, R. W., Dumais, S., & Bennett, P. N. (2012) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/2348283.2348328 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Neural Approaches to Conversational Information Retrieval

Gao, J., Xiong, C., Bennett, P. N., & Craswell, N. (2023) · The information retrieval series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23080-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Skill discovery in virtual assistants

White, R. W. (2018) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3185336 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Studying trailfinding algorithms for enhanced web search

Singla, A. K., White, R. W., & Huang, J. J. S. (2010) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/1835449.1835524 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Characterizing and supporting cross-device search tasks

Wang, Y., Huang, X., & White, R. W. (2013) · ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM) · doi:10.1145/2433396.2433484 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Faithful Reasoning Using Large Language Models

Creswell, A., & Shanahan, M. (2022) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2208.14271 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Conversations with Documents: An Exploration of Document-Centered Assistance

ter Hoeve, M., Sim, R., Nouri, E., Fourney, A., de Rijke, M., & White, R. W. (2020) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3343413.3377971 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Conversations with Documents. An Exploration of Document-Centered AssistancePreprint

ter Hoeve, M., Sim, R., Nouri, E., Fourney, A., de Rijke, M., & White, R. W. (2020) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2002.00747 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Slow search

Teevan, J. B., Collins‐Thompson, K., White, R. W., & Dumais, S. (2014) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/2633041 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Generative Information Retrieval

Najork, M. (2023) · Proceedings of the 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3539618.3591871 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Learning to Decompose and Organize Complex Tasks

Zhang, Y., Jauhar, S. K., Kiseleva, J., White, R. W., & Roth, D. (2021) · Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.naacl-main.217 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Taking Search to Task

Shah, C. S., White, R. W., Thomas, P., Mitra, B., Sarkar, S., & Belkin, N. J. (2023) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3576840.3578288 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Large language models can accurately predict searcher preferencesPreprint

Thomas, P., Spielman, S. E., Craswell, N., et al. (2023) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2309.10621 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

FACTS-IR: Fairness, Accountability, Confidentiality, Transparency, and Safety in Information Retrieval

Olteanu, A., Garcia-Gathright, J., de Rijke, M., Ekstrand, M. D., Roegiest, A., Lipani, A., Beutel, A., Lučić, A., Stoica, A.-A., Das, A., et al. (2019) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Multi-device digital assistance

White, R. W., Fourney, A., Herring, A., Bennett, P. N., Chandrasekaran, N., Sim, R., Nouri, E., & Encarnación, M. J. (2019) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3357159 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Glider

Li, Y., & Riva, O. (2021) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/3404835.3462905 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

EcoAssistant: Using LLM Assistant More Affordably and Accurately

Zhang, J., Krishna, R., Awadallah, A. H., & Wang, C. (2023) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2310.03046 · Cited by 8 · cited 1× · see citing works

Delphic Costs and Benefits in Web Search: A utilitarian and historical analysisPreprint

Broder, A., & McAfee, P. (2023) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2308.07525 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Delphic Costs and Benefits in Web Search: A Utilitarian and Historical Analysis

Broder, A. (2024) · ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM) · doi:10.1145/3616855.3638208 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)

Klesel, M., & Wittmann, H. F. (2025) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-025-00945-3 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

A foundational architecture for AI agents in healthcare

Liu, F., Niu, Y., Zhang, Q., Wang, K., Dong, Z., Wong, I. N., Cheng, L., Li, T., Duan, L., Li, K., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102374 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

The AI interface: Designing for the ideal machine-human experience

Sundar, A., Russell‐Rose, T., Kruschwitz, U., & Machleit, K. A. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108539 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

AI- and LLM-driven search tools: A paradigm shift in information access for education and research

Chowdhury, G. G., & Chowdhury, S. (2024) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/01655515241284046 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Integrating Generative Artificial Intelligence and Human Design: The Impact of Automation Level on Human Creative Experience and Efficiency

Qiao, Y., Gao, Y., Wang, Y., Dai, D., & Luan, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2518333 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Blending Queries and Conversations: Understanding Trust, Verification, and System Choice in Search and Chat Interactions

Mayerhofer, K., Capra, R., & Elsweiler, D. (2025) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3698204.3716454 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Search+Chat: Integrating Search and GenAI to Support Users with Learning-oriented Search Tasks

Yang, Y., Urgo, K., Arguello, J., & Capra, R. (2025) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3698204.3716446 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Generative AI Search Engines as Arbiters of Public Knowledge: An Audit of Bias and Authority

Li, A., & Sinnamon, L. S. (2024) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.1021 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

The AI intelligence playbook: Decoding GenAI capabilities for strategic advantage

Campbell, C., Sands, S., Whittaker, L., & Mavrommatis, A. (2026) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2025.08.004 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Are LLMs actually good for learning?

Rus, V., & Kendeou, P. (2025) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02323-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Large Language Models for Information Retrieval: Challenges and Chances

Breuer, T., Frihat, S., Fuhr, N., Lewandowski, D., Schaer, P., & Schenkel, R. (2025) · Datenbank-Spektrum · doi:10.1007/s13222-025-00503-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Exploratory search with generative AI: An empirical study on the impact of interaction design strategies on information exploration and cognitive load

Kim, N., & Ji, Y. G. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2026.103771 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Control search rankings, control the world: what is a good search engine?

Coghlan, S., Chia, H. X., Scholer, F., & Spina, D. (2025) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00695-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

From To-Do to Ta-Da: Transforming Task-Focused IR with Generative AI

Shah, C. S., & White, R. W. (2025) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/3726302.3730352 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Inside Out 2: Make Room for New Emotions & LLM: A Reproducibility Study of the Emotional Side of Search in the Classroom

Chakrabarti, H., Tobia, D. M., Landoni, M., & Pera, M. S. (2025) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/3726302.3730315 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Generative AI and information access: A sustainability model and a research agenda

Chowdhury, G. G., & Chowdhury, S. (2025) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/01655515251377016 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Envisioning Recommendations on an LLM-Based Agent Platform

Zhang, J., Bao, K., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Shi, W., Xu, W., Feng, F., & Chua, T. (2025) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3699952 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Exploring the Zero-Shot Known-Item Retrieval Capabilities of LLMs for Casual Leisure Information Needs

Bogers, T., Gäde, M., Hall, M. M., Koolen, M., Petras, V., & Skov, M. (2025) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3698204.3716466 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

A study of drag‐and‐drop query refinement and query history visualization for mobile exploratory search

Payandeh, M. H., Hoeber, O., Boon, M., Storie, D., & Ramshaw, V. (2024) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24977 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Panmodal Information Interaction

White, R. W., & Shah, C. S. (2025) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3701534 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

NExT-Search: Rebuilding User Feedback Ecosystem for Generative AI Search

Dai, S., Wang, W., Pang, L., Xu, J., Ng, S.-K., Wen, J.-R., & Chua, T. (2025) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/3726302.3730353 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Understanding AI Agents—A Data-Driven Literature Review

Stübinger, J., & Metz, F. (2026) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math14091478 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Neural Prioritisation for Web Crawling

Pezzuti, F., MacAvaney, S., & Tonellotto, N. (2025) · ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR) · doi:10.1145/3731120.3744597 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Navigating the information labyrinth: a smart search system for libraries

Rana, P. P., & Singh, D. (2025) · Library Hi Tech News · doi:10.1108/lhtn-10-2024-0188 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Quest for knowledge: Design of an interactive game to trace children’s search experience

Tobia, D. M., & Landoni, M. (2025) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3713043.3731509 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

From Prompt to Action: A Comprehensive Review of LLM Autonomous Agents

Rafique, Z., Wasim, M., Hussain, M., Hussain, M., & Memon, M. I. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE) · doi:10.1109/wisee57913.2025.11229863 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Eliciting Implicit Information Needs in E-Commerce Search by Using the Think-Aloud Method

Tsukuda, K., Maruta, A., Kato, M. P., & Joho, H. (2025) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3698204.3716461 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

A New Taxonomy of Web Search: A User-Centered Framework for Search Intent in the AI Era

Lichtenegger, E., Urman, A., & Hannák, A. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791050 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

DeepResearch Bench II: Diagnosing Deep Research Agents via Rubrics from Expert Reports

Li, R., Du, M., Xu, B., Zhu, C., Wang, X., & Mao, Z. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.08536

Introduction

White, R. W., & Shah, C. S. (2024) · The information retrieval series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73147-1_1

A Study on Factors Influencing the Use of Generative AI-Based Search Engines: Focusing on Higher Education (Master’s and Doctoral) Users

Kang, T.-G., & Kim, K.-S. (2025) · Journal of Digital Contents Society · doi:10.9728/dcs.2025.26.4.971

Athena: A Conversational Book Discovery Interface Combining LLM-Powered Retrieval-Augmented Generation and Interactive Graph Visualization

White, M. A., Xu, Y., Leon, N. A. D., & Ritter, F. E. (2025) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/3746058.3758400

User Studies in Generative Interactive IR ( GenIIR ): An ISIC ‐Informed Systematic Review

Wang, A., He, D., Luo, Z., & Ma, F. (2025) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.1515

A diary study of information‐intensive work tasks in the modern workplace: Investigating task descriptions and task processes

Wang, A., Zhao, Y., & Ma, F. (2025) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.70037

Toward Integrating AI Chat and Search: A User-Centered Perspective across Age Groups

He, C., Spapé, M., Kobra, K., Welsch, R., & Jacucci, G. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3777486

Geo-enrichment in a Data Lakehouse: Exploring Challenges and Opportunities

Siddabattula, V. S., Hachem, F., Mesiti, M., Leo, M., Rosa, G. D. L., & Damiani, M. L. (2025) · ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Spatial Big Data and AI for Industrial Applications · doi:10.1145/3764919.3770886

Can You Feel It? Exploring the Emotional Profile of LLM Responses to Children’s Queries

Chakrabarti, H., & Pera, M. S. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12717-4_6

Workshop on Generative AI and Academic Search (GAI&AS)

Liu, Y., Arguello, J., Hoeber, O., Liu, C., Rieh, S. Y., & Sinnamon, L. S. (2026) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3786304.3787953 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Navigating an Evolving Landscape: Exploring Researchers' Interactions with AI-Enhanced Academic Search Systems

Liu, Y. (2026) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3786304.3787940 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Tip-of-the-Tongue Search in the Wild: Analyzing Human and LLM Performance and Success Factors on Complex Search Requests

Bogers, T., Gäde, M., Hall, M. M., Koolen, M., Petras, V., & Skov, M. (2026) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3786304.3787864

From SERPs to Sound: How Search Engine Result Pages and AI-generated Podcasts Interact to Influence User Attitudes on Controversial Topics

Anonymous, He, G., Rieger, A., & Gadiraju, U. (2026) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3786304.3787942

"Although Powerful, it's not Infallible": Investigating Academic Researchers' Verification Challenges with LLMs

Scozzi, M. V., Makri, S., & Madhyastha, P. (2026) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3786304.3787865 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Rethinking Human-AI Collaboration in Information Seeking: Why Epistemic Incompatibility Demands New Design Paradigms

Shah, C. (2026) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3786304.3787946

CollabSearch: A Study of User-LLM Collaboration in Task-Based Search

Batista, G. D. C., Jose, J. M., & Joho, H. (2026) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3786304.3788848

PEAT-LLM4LCR: A Multi-Agent Framework with Prompt Engineering for Automated Chinese Legal Contract ReviewPreprint

Xiao, H., Tan, S., Li, Y., Zhou, X., Li, Z., Jin, Z., Xie, X., & Liu, W. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6365604

Building Resilient Users: Towards Adaptive Support for Enhanced Digital Literacy in Information Access Systems

Bink, M. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-21324-2_47

End-To-End LLM Systems: Data, Training, Evaluation, and Deployment

Dhanasekar, S. (2026) · International Conference on Machine Learning and Autonomous Systems (ICMLAS) · doi:10.1109/icmlas67792.2026.11483701

Re-Reward: A Self-Improving Generative Model Via Reinforcement Learning from Real World Feedback

Banoth, S. K. N., Gugulothu, S. D., Guguloth, R., & Mapati, J. S. (2026) · International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT) · doi:10.1109/icict68280.2026.11510848

Decentralised Trust Layers for the Web: Towards Transparent AI-Powered Platforms

Mamun, Q., & Islam, M. S. (2026) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3774905.3794672

Much Ado about Accessibility: An Exploration of Online Content Accessibility from an Autism-Informed Perspective

Chakrabarti, H., & Pera, M. S. (2026) · Information Retrieval Research · doi:10.54195/irrj.25297

Ongoing Changes in Web Searches for Health-Related Information

Achtyes, E. D., Glenn, T., Geddes, J. R., Bauer, R., Bauer, M., GITLIN, M. J., & Monteith, S. (2026) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-2896-4218

Exploring motivations, response quality, and fit in ChatGPT-assisted information tasks

Li, Y., & Marcum, J. H. (2026) · Journal of Librarianship and Information Science · doi:10.1177/09610006261461308

Information Seeking Behavior in LLM-Based RAG: Mental Models and Missing Information

Sotic, B. N., & Kamps, J. (2026) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/3805712.3808537 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Learning to Retrieve from Agent Trajectories

Zhou, Y., Dai, S., Qu, C., Pang, L., Xu, J., & Wen, J.-R. (2026) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/3805712.3809675

Renegotiating the Social Contract of Search

White, R. W., & Talia, D. (2026) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.2026.3714248

The CO2ST of Agentic AI in Research

Falk, J., Inie, N., & Selvan, R. (2026) · Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3821402.3830115

Agentic Information Retrieval: Revolutionising Search with AI Agents in the Age of LLMs

Fagbohun, O. (2024) · International Conference on AI ML, Data Science and Robotics · doi:10.51219/urforum.2024.oluwole-fagbohun · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The relevance revolution: Integrating search technology for effective AI agents

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