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Designing and Conducting Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Surveys in Psychiatry: Practical Guidance
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Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) surveys are popular in health care because they provide useful information and appear easy to design and execute. There are subtleties, however, in such surveys that early career researchers need to be aware of. This article does not provide a detailed review of the subject, nor does it address theory; rather, it provides practical guidance on matters such as identifying the need for the survey; defining the target population; preparing the questions that address knowledge, attitudes, and practice; preparing options for the answers to the items in the questionnaire; deciding how to score the instrument and analyze the results; and validating the instrument. Specific examples are presented to help readers understand and apply the guidance in various contexts.
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“The model suggests that knowledge serves as the precursor to attitude formation, and attitudes, in turn, drive behavioral practice (Andrade et al., 2020; Salama et al., 2025).”
From A two-step structural equation modeling and explainable machine learning framework for understanding university students’ adoption of generative AI: balancing intrinsic motivations and perceived risks (2026) · cites this paper as Andrade et al., 2020
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Metadata
- Authors
- Andrade, C., Menon, V., Ameen, S., & Kumar Praharaj, S.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IN)
- Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IN)
- St. Thomas Hospital, Changanacherry, Kerala, India.
- Dept of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
- Corresponding author
- Menon, Vikas
- Venue
- Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-08-27
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 478-481
- ISSN
- 0253-7176 (ISSN-L)
- 0975-1564
- PMC
- PMC7750837
- OpenAlex
- W3082274149
- Cited by
- 645
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 183 · 2024: 160 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 16
- FWCI
- 46.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- survey design, questionnaire development, instrument validation, target population selection, psychiatric research, early-career researchers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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