Exploring researchers’ artificial intelligence (AI) literacy: The mediating role of digital literacy and data literacy between 21st century skills and AI literacy
Abstract
Many researchers have started using artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the different parts of their scientific research processes. A high level of AI literacy is required to utilize AI tools effectively. AI literacy also includes many cognitive and technical skills. These pre-requisite skills can impact researchers’ AI usage competencies. In this context, the current study aimed to investigate the determinants of researchers’ AI literacy from the demographic variables and twenty-first century skills. For this purpose, a model was created with 24 hypotheses and tested using data collected by 708 researchers from various universities in Türkiye. Non-experts AI literacy, digital literacy, data literacy, and computational thinking scales, and demographic information form were used as data collection tools. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to reveal the relationship among the variables. The results revealed that digital literacy and data literacy skills are the strongest predictors of AI literacy. In addition, digital literacy and data literacy have mediating roles between the some 21st skills and AI literacy. There are also some demographic variables such as English language level and frequency of AI use, which are the significant predictors of AI literacy.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many researchers may lack sufficient AI literacy to fully understand how AI algorithms function, where biases originate, and how AI-generated knowledge is structured.
“However, many researchers may lack sufficient AI literacy [16, 70] to fully understand how AI algorithms function, where biases originate, and how AIgenerated knowledge is structured.”
From Developing the HAKI model as a conceptual framework for AI-assisted academic research (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,888 · see citing works
Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling
Tabri, N., & Elliott, C. M. (2012) · Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology · doi:10.15353/cgjsc.v1i1.3787 · Cited by 39,065 · see citing works
Discovering Statistics Using SPSS
Field, A. P., & Miles, J. N. V. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 28,268 · see citing works
Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021) · Classroom Companion: Business · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7 · Cited by 10,343 · see citing works
Wing, J. M. (2006) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/1118178.1118215 · Cited by 8,102 · see citing works
What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations
Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376727 · Cited by 3,241 · see citing works
Ray, P. P. (2023) · Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems · doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.003 · Cited by 2,463 · see citing works
Hays, W. (1983) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/022267 · Cited by 2,399 · see citing works
Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, S. K. W., & Qiao, M. S. (2021) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041 · Cited by 2,205 · see citing works
Can we teach digital natives digital literacy?
Ng, W. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.04.016 · Cited by 2,095 · see citing works
A SWOT analysis of ChatGPT: Implications for educational practice and research
Farrokhnia, M., Banihashem, S. K., Noroozi, O., & Wals, A. (2024) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2023.2195846 · Cited by 1,384 · see citing works
Walter, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00448-3 · Cited by 1,113 · see citing works
ChatGPT for Education and Research: Opportunities, Threats, and Strategies
Rahman, M. M., & Watanobe, Y. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13095783 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Wang, B., Rau, P.-L. P., & Yuan, T. (2023) · Behaviour & Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2072768 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Pavlik, J. V. (2023) · Journalism & Mass Communication Educator · doi:10.1177/10776958221149577 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
van Laar, E., van Deursen, A. J. A. M., van Dijk, J. A. G. M., & de Haan, J. (2020) · Sage Open · doi:10.1177/2158244019900176 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Dergaa, I., Chamari, K., Zmijewski, P., & Ben Saad, H. (2023) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2023.125623 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
A validity and reliability study of the computational thinking scales (CTS)
Korkmaz, Ö., Çakır, R., & Özden, M. Y. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.005 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence literacy in higher and adult education: A scoping literature review
Laupichler, M. C., Aster, A., Schirch, J., & Raupach, T. (2022) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100101 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
A systematic review on digital literacy
Tınmaz, H., Lee, Y.-T., Fanea‐Ivanovici, M., & Baber, H. (2022) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-022-00204-y · Cited by 592 · see citing works
What are artificial intelligence literacy and competency? A comprehensive framework to support them
Chiu, T. K. F., Ahmad, Z., Ismailov, M., & Sanusi, I. T. (2024) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100171 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
<scp>AI</scp> Literacy: Definition, Teaching, Evaluation and Ethical Issues
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, K. W. S., & Qiao, M. S. (2021) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.487 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Carolus, A., Koch, M. J., Straka, S., Latoschik, M. E., & Wienrich, C. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2023.100014 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Darwin, D., Rusdin, D., Mukminatien, N., Suryati, N., Laksmi, E. D., & Marzuki, M. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2290342 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
ChatGPT improves creative problem-solving performance in university students: An experimental study
Urban, M., Děchtěrenko, F., Lukavský, J., Hrabalová, V., Svacha, F., Brom, C., & Urban, K. (2024) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105031 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Ng, D. T. K., Wu, W., Leung, J. K. L., Chiu, T. K. F., & Chu, S. K. W. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13411 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
How does generative artificial intelligence impact student creativity?
Habib, S., Vogel, T., Anli, X., & Thorne, E. (2024) · Journal of Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.yjoc.2023.100072 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Tang, T., Vezzani, V., & Eriksson, V. (2020) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100696 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Çelik, İ. (2023) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.102026 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Hornberger, M., Bewersdorff, A., & Nerdel, C. (2023) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100165 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence literacy for technology education
Stolpe, K., & Hällström, J. (2024) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100159 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Laupichler, M. C., Aster, A., Haverkamp, N., & Raupach, T. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100338 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Ruiz-Rojas, L. I., Salvador-Ullauri, L., & Acosta-Vargas, P. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16135367 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Explicating AI Literacy of Employees at Digital Workplaces
Cetindamar, D., Kitto, K., Wu, M., Zhang, Y., Abedin, B., & Knight, S. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2021.3138503 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Zhao, L., Wu, X., & Luo, H. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142114549 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Examining artificial intelligence literacy among pre-service teachers for future classrooms
Ayanwale, M. A., Adelana, O. P., Molefi, R. R., Adeeko, O., & Ishola, A. M. (2024) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100179 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Dalalah, D., & Dalalah, O. M. A. (2023) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100822 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Creativity and artificial intelligence—a student perspective
Marrone, R., Taddeo, V., & Hill, G. (2022) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence10030065 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence in scientific writing: a friend or a foe?
Altmäe, S., Sola-Leyva, A., & Salumets, A. (2023) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.04.009 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Kong, S.-C., Cheung, M.-Y. W., & Tsang, O. (2024) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100214 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Joksimovic, S., Ifenthaler, D., Marrone, R., De Laat, M., & Siemens, G. (2023) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100138 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
D’Ignazio, C. (2017) · Information Design Journal · doi:10.1075/idj.23.1.03dig · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Koçak, Ö., Çoban, M., Aydın, A., & Çakmak, N. (2021) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100967 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Yeşilyurt, E., & Vezne, R. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11311-1 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Fostering Secondary School Students’ AI Literacy through Making AI-Driven Recycling Bins
Ng, D. T. K., Su, J., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-12183-9 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Establishing the concept of AI literacy: Focusing on competence and purpose
Yi, Y. (2021) · JAHR · doi:10.21860/j.12.2.8 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Su, J., & Yang, W. (2024) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2217864 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Methodology of the Social Sciences
Clark, J. T. (1945) · Thought · doi:10.5840/thought194520147 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The impact of Artificial Intelligence in academia: Views of Turkish academics on ChatGPT
Livberber, T., & Ayvaz, S. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19688 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Wijaya, T. T., Yu, Q., Cao, Y., He, Y., & Leung, F. K. S. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14111008 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Development and validation of ChatGPT literacy scale
Lee, S., & Park, G. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05723-0 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Adapting to the Future: ChatGPT as a Means for Supporting Constructivist Learning Environments
Kim, M., & Adlof, L. (2024) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-023-00899-x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Kong, S.-C., Cheung, W. M.-Y., & Zhang, G. (2023) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.30191/ets.202301_26(1).0002 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Beyond digital literacy: The era of AI-powered assistants and evolving user skills
Naamati-Schneider, L., & Alt, D. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12694-z · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Yapay Zekâ Okuryazarlığı Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması
KARAOĞLAN YILMAZ, F. G., & YILMAZ, R. (2023) · Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri Dergisi · doi:10.53694/bited.1376831 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Programming and 21st century skill development in K ‐12 schools: A multidimensional meta‐analysis
Hu, L. (2023) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12904 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Gökçe, A. T., Topal, A. D., Geçer, A. K., & Eren, C. D. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13081-4 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Developing and validating measures for AI literacy tests: From self-reported to objective measures
Chiu, T. K. F., Chen, Y., Yau, K. W., Chai, C. S., Meng, H. M. L., King, I., Wong, S. W. H., & Yam, Y. (2024) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100282 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Digital literacy skills of university students with visual impairment: A mixed-methods analysis
Arslantaş, T. K., & Gül, A. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10860-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
AI-generated content tools and students’ critical thinking: Insights from a Chinese university
Zou, X., Su, P., Li, L., & Fu, P. (2023) · IFLA Journal · doi:10.1177/03400352231214963 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education
Churi, P. P., Joshi, S., Elhoseny, M., & Omrane, A. (2022) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003184157 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Comparing Single-Item and Multi-Item Trust Scales: Insights for Assessing Trust in Project Leaders
Castro, M. S., Bahli, B., Ferreira, J. J., & Figueiredo, R. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13090786 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kesici, A. (2022) · Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age · doi:10.53850/joltida.1063509 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Çevik, Y. D. (2015) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.09.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Factors Influencing ChatGpt Adoption for Product Research and Information Retrieval
Gude, V. (2023) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2023.2280918 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
ChatGPT Improves Creative Problem-Solving Performance in University Students: An Experimental StudyPreprint
Urban, M., Děchtěrenko, F., Lukavský, J., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9z2tc · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Benbow, R. J., Lee, C., & Hora, M. T. (2020) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2020.1826032 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bringula, R. P. (2023) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-023-00354-w · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Teaching Data Science through Storytelling: Improving Undergraduate Data Literacy
Li, Y., Wang, Y., Lee, Y., Chen, H., Petri, A. N., & Cha, T. (2023) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101311 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gao, Z., Li, L., Ma, S., Wang, Q., Hemphill, L., & Xu, R. (2023) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-023-03385-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Strengthening Data Literacy in K-12 Education: A Scoping Review
Witte, V., Schwering, A., & Frischemeier, D. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15010025 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lee, V. W. P., Cheng, D. Y. Y., Lit, K. K., Buaton, H., & Lam, E. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development · doi:10.1080/29949769.2025.2457363 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dadhich, M., & Bhaumik, A. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on ICT in Business Industry & Government (ICTBIG) · doi:10.1109/ictbig59752.2023.10456172 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Fu, Y., Lomas, E., & Inskip, C. (2021) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102421 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Development and Validation of a Data Literacy Assessment Scale
Kim, J., Hong, L., Evans, S., Rice-Oyler, E., & Ali, I. (2023) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.827 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
University EFL Students’ Use of Online English Information Searching Strategy
Chen, K. T.-C. (2020) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Papyshev, G. (2024) · Journal of Asian Public Policy · doi:10.1080/17516234.2024.2370716 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Citation analysis of global research on data literacy
Nwagwu, W. E. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13397-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kose, B. T., & Koçak, Ö. (2024) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2024.101299 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Algorithmic Thinking and New Digital Literacy
TSVETKOVA, M. S., & KIRYUKHIN, V. M. (2021) · OLYMPIADS IN INFORMATICS · doi:10.15388/ioi.2021.09 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
From data literacy to artificial intelligence literacy: background and approaches
Koltay, T. (2024) · Central European Library and Information Science Review Közép-európai Könyvtár- és Információtudományi Szemle · doi:10.3311/celisr.38042 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Validity and Reliability Study on The Development of Data Literacy Scale for Educators
Öz, S., & Özdemir, A. (2022) · International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research · doi:10.33200/ijcer.1079774 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The ChatGPT: Revolutionizing Research with AI
Brítez, M., ENRIQUE, M. C., & LILIAM, A. (2024) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202420230862 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
How I’m using AI tools to help universities maximize research impacts
Wang, D. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-024-02081-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Citation Analysis of Global Research on Data LiteracyPreprint
Nwagwu, W. E. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202408.1285.v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sutrisno, S., Azis, A., Setyawan, M. B., Dewi, D. A., Hidayah, Y., Hakiki, M. A., Hamid, M. A., & Fadli, R. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2582948 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Decoding responsible AI use: the influence of digital literacy and ethical awareness
Pramod, D. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2592371 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lund, B. D., Hovious, A., & Kim, J. (2026) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.70054 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Faculty AI literacy in higher education systems: a systematic review and future-adaptive framework
Wu, Y., & Huang, Y. (2026) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2026.2648739 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Latent profiles of AI literacy among K-12 students: predictors and links to self-regulated learning
Wang, D., Wang, Q., & Zhang, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1834851 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Developing the HAKI model as a conceptual framework for AI-assisted academic research
Shahini, A. (2026) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-026-02041-4
Setiawati, I., Mulyono, H., & Nur, A. H. B. (2025) · Multidisciplinary Reviews · doi:10.31893/multirev.2026240 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cai, X., & Karim, A. B. A. (2026) · Problems of Education in the 21st Century · doi:10.33225/pec/26.84.46
AI literacy beyond tools: Safeguarding human judgment in research and higher education
Weng, Y.-S. (2026) · AI & Future Society · doi:10.63802/afs.v2.i1.207
Exploring Artificial Intelligence Literacy Among International Chinese Language Teachers
Xu, X. (2026) · International Conference on Informatics Education and Computer Technology Applications (IECA) · doi:10.1145/3802133.3802149
Yıldız, B., & Yavuz, O. (2026) · Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi · doi:10.33712/mana.1908269
Kurtuldu, T. (2026) · Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.53434/gbesbd.1837841
How Digital Literacy Affects AI Literacy Among Preservice Teachers: Media Literacy as a Moderator
YİĞİT, M. F. (2026) · Participatory Educational Research · doi:10.17275/per.26.59.13.4
Cabe, R. B. A., Calizaya, A. A. M., Cortéz, L. D. Z., Corrales, J. E. F., Limache-Flores, A., Gonzales, A. V. M., Sarolli, A. E. D., Cuarite, J. L. C., & Rodriguez-Saavedra, M. O. (2026) · Journalism and Media · doi:10.3390/journalmedia7030145
Singh, P., Matthee, M. C., & van der Merwe, A. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-25387-3_2
Yang, G., Yuan, T., Liu, B., Luo, S., & Liu, B. (2026) · International Conference on Computer Science and Technologies in Education (CSTE) · doi:10.1109/cste69562.2026.11649609
Chow, T. S., To, K., Lam, B. Y., & Lau, K. W. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16081448
Six AI Literacy Skills for the Business Communication Classroom: Extension of Current Practices
Kelly, S. E., Violanti, M. T., Okafor, C., Sharma, N., & Abdelrahman, M. (2026) · Business and Professional Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/23294906261485541
Ugış, A., & Piri, Z. (2026) · Anadolu Journal Of Educational Sciences International · doi:10.18039/ajesi.1935640
Starčič, A. I., Kraševec, T. L., Turk, Ž., & Lebeničnik, M. (2026) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cedtech/19641
Huang, M., Huang, M., He, T., 易杏, & Deng, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1971672
- Authors
- Seker, O., Kwon, K., & Kocak, O.
- Affiliations
- Artvin Coruh University (TR)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Department of Information & Document Management, Department of Educational Technology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
- Venue
- Information Development
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2025-04-23
- ISSN
- 0266-6669 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-6469
- OpenAlex
- W4409722465
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 21.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Information Development (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Digital literacy in education
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Library Science and Information Literacy
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Keywords
- AI literacy, digital literacy, data literacy, 21st century skills, computational thinking, researchers, mediating role, English proficiency, demographic predictors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
