The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Critical Perspective on Action Research as a Method for Information Systems Research
Abstract
This paper reviews the origins, techniques and roles associated with action research into information systems (IS). Many consider the approach to be the paragon of post-positivist research methods, yet it has a cloudy history among the social sciences. The paper summarizes the rigorous approach to action research and suggests certain domains of ideal use (such as systems development methodology). For those faced with conducting, reviewing or examining action research, the paper discusses various problems, opportunities and strategies.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Action research is a core methodology that would support these aims [6]”
From Fairness and Accountability Design Needs for Algorithmic Support in High-Stakes Public Sector Decision-Making (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
Citations
Cites
Wagner, H. R., Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1968) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2575405 · Cited by 46,525
Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective
Argyris, C., & Schön, D. A. (1997) · Reis · doi:10.2307/40183951 · Cited by 11,113 · cited 1×
“First, what Argyris and Sch ” n (1978) called `double-loop learning’, the restructuring of organizational norms to re¯ ect the new knowledge gained by the organization during the research.”
BackgroundSystems Thinking, Systems Practice
Checkland, P. B. (1981) · Cumulative Index of Computer Aided Architectural Design · Cited by 6,256
The Case Research Strategy in Studies of Information Systems
Benbasat, I., Goldstein, D. K., & Mead, M. (1987) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/248684 · Cited by 4,716
Systems thinking, systems practice
(1982) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/0377-2217(82)90206-5 · Cited by 3,579
Studying Information Technology in Organizations: Research Approaches and Assumptions
Orlikowski, W. J., & Baroudi, J. J. (1991) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2.1.1 · Cited by 3,526
Qualitative Methods in Management Research.
Toomer, E., Bowen, K., & Gummesson, E. (1993) · Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.2307/2584051 · Cited by 2,306
Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research
(2004) · The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods · doi:10.4135/9781412950589.n846 · Cited by 2,196
An Assessment of the Scientific Merits of Action Research
Susman, G. I., & Evered, R. D. (1978) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392581 · Cited by 2,151
Field Theory in Social Science
Reed, R., & Lewin, K. (1951) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3707800 · Cited by 2,139
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Argyris C., 1985, Action Science
- Baskerville R., 1991, Information Systems Research Arena of the 90s
- Checkland P., 1990, Soft Systems Methodology in Practice
- Glaser B.G., 1967, The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Strategies for Qualitative Research
- Jenkins M., 1985, Research Methods in Information Systems, 103
- Jönsson S., 1991, Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions, 371
- Keen P., 1991, Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions, 27
- Klein H., 1991, Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions, 1
- Schein E., 1969, Process Consultation: Its Role in Organizational Development
- Straub D., 1991, Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions, 103
- Warmington A., 1980, Journal of Applied Systems Analysis, 7, 23
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Guidelines for conducting and reporting case study research in software engineering
Runeson, P., & Höst, M. (2009) · Empirical Software Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10664-008-9102-8 · Cited by 3,862
Action research for operations management
Coughlan, P., & Coghlan, D. (2002) · International Journal of Operations & Production Management · doi:10.1108/01443570210417515 · Cited by 1,534
Investigating Information Systems with Action Research
Baskerville, R. (1999) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.00219 · Cited by 1,123
Self-citationGuide to Advanced Empirical Software Engineering
Shull, F. J., Sjøberg, D. I. K., & Singer, J. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-84800-044-5 · Cited by 1,016
Principles of canonical action research
Davison, R. M., Martinsons, M. G., & Kock, N. (2004) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2004.00162.x · Cited by 836
Avison, D., Lau, F., Myers, M. D., & Nielsen, P. A. (1999) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/291469.291479 · Cited by 784
The dual imperatives of action research
McKay, J., & Marshall, P. (2001) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/09593840110384771 · Cited by 730
Diversity in information systems action research methods
Baskerville, R., & Wood-Harper, A. T. (1998) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1038/sj.ejis.3000298 · Cited by 689
Self-citationDiversity in information systems action research methods
Baskerville, R., & Wood-Harper, A. T. (1998) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000298 · Cited by 689
Self-citationVeale, M., Van Kleek, M., & Binns, R. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3174014 · Cited by 490
“This assumption sits particularly uncomfortably with the value attributed to participatory design and action research in HCI and information systems [33, 6].”
BackgroundCo-Creation in Virtual Worlds: The Design of the User Experience1
Köhler, T., Fueller, J., Matzler, K., & Stieger, D. (2011) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/23042808 · Cited by 496
Moody, D. L. (2005) · Data & Knowledge Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.datak.2004.12.005 · Cited by 480
Living Lab: an open and citizen-centric approach for innovation
Bergvall‐Kåreborn, B., & Ståhlbröst, A. (2009) · International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development · doi:10.1504/ijird.2009.022727 · Cited by 455
Collaborative Practice Research
Mathiassen, L. (2000) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35505-4_9 · Cited by 427
Overview and Framework for Data and Information Quality Research
Madnick, S., Wang, R., Lee, Y. W., & Zhu, H. (2009) · Journal of Data and Information Quality · doi:10.1145/1515693.1516680 · Cited by 425
The Future of Empirical Methods in Software Engineering Research
Sjøberg, D. I. K., Dybå, T., & Jørgensen, M. (2007) · Future of Software Engineering (FOSE) · doi:10.1109/fose.2007.30 · Cited by 390
Design Principles for Competence Management Systems: A Synthesis of an Action Research Study1
Lindgren, Henfridsson, O., & Schultze, U. (2004) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148646 · Cited by 388
Research methodology on language development from a complex systems perspective
FREEMAN, D. L., & CAMERON, L. (2008) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00714.x · Cited by 363
Grounded action research: a method for understanding IT in practice
Baskerville, R., & Pries‐Heje, J. (1999) · Accounting Management and Information Technologies · doi:10.1016/s0959-8022(98)00017-4 · Cited by 359
Self-citationSerenko, A., Bontis, N., Booker, L. D., Sadeddin, K. W., & Hardie, T. (2010) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/13673271011015534 · Cited by 331
Controlling action research projects
Avison, D., Baskerville, R., & Myers, M. D. (2001) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/09593840110384762 · Cited by 326
Self-citationCritical success factors for a customer relationship management strategy
Mendoza, L. E., Marius, A., Pérez, M., & Grimán, A. (2006) · Information and Software Technology · doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2006.10.003 · Cited by 294
BEING PROACTIVE: WHERE ACTION RESEARCH MEETS DESIGN RESEARCH
Cole, R. E., Purao, S., Rossi, M., & Sein, M. K. (2005) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 290
Informating the Clan: Controlling Physicians’ Costs and Outcomes1, 2
Kohli, R., & Kettinger, W. J. (2004) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148644 · Cited by 283
Small Business Growth and Internal Transparency: The Role of Information Systems1
Street, C. T., & Meister, D. B. (2004) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148647 · Cited by 261
Sundarakani, B., Ajaykumar, A., & Gunasekaran, A. (2021) · Omega · doi:10.1016/j.omega.2021.102452 · Cited by 264
Improving the quality of data models: empirical validation of a quality management framework
Moody, D. L., & Shanks, G. (2002) · Information Systems · doi:10.1016/s0306-4379(02)00043-1 · Cited by 238
Outline of a design science research process
Offermann, P., Levina, O. A., Schönherr, M., & Bub, U. (2009) · Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/1555619.1555629 · Cited by 232
Managing risk in software process improvement: an action research approach
Iversen, J. H., Mathiassen, L., & Nielsen, P. A. (2004) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 223
Braa, K., & Vidgen, R. T. (1999) · Accounting Management and Information Technologies · doi:10.1016/s0959-8022(98)00018-6 · Cited by 215
Trying to improve communication and collaboration with information technology
Olesen, K., & Myers, M. D. (1999) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/09593849910301621 · Cited by 190
Motivation theory in educational practice: Knowledge claims, challenges, and future directions.
Kaplan, A., Katz, I., & Flum, H. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13274-007 · Cited by 224
A systematic methodology for privacy impact assessments: a design science approach
Oetzel, M. C., & Spiekermann, S. (2013) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2013.18 · Cited by 175
Li, L., & Zhang, P. (2005) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00070 · Cited by 179
Concept Design with a Living Lab Approach
Bergvall‐Kåreborn, B., Hoist, M., & Ståhlbröst, A. (2009) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2009.123 · Cited by 175
Whose job is it anyway?: organizational information competencies for value creation
Peppard, J., Lambert, R., & Edwards, C. (2000) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2575.2000.00089.x · Cited by 155
Jin, K. G., & Drozdenko, R. G. (2009) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-009-0158-1 · Cited by 150
A further exploration into information systems development: the evolution of Multiview2
Avison, D., Wood-Harper, A. T., Vidgen, R. T., & Wood, J. (1998) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/09593849810218319 · Cited by 149
Self-citationToward a framework for action research in information systems studies
Lau, F. C. M. (1999) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/09593849910267206 · Cited by 147
The relevance of knowledge management and intellectual capital Research
Booker, L. D., Bontis, N., & Serenko, A. (2008) · Knowledge and Process Management · doi:10.1002/kpm.314 · Cited by 144
The Dynamics of Search Engine Marketing for Tourist Destinations
Pan, B., Xiang, Z., Law, R., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2010) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287510369558 · Cited by 142
ACTION RESEARCH IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT—A FRAMEWORK FOR RELEVANT AND RIGOROUS RESEARCH
Näslund, D., Kale, R., & Paulraj, A. (2010) · Journal of Business Logistics · doi:10.1002/j.2158-1592.2010.tb00155.x · Cited by 145
Using Public Crowds for Open Strategy Formulation: Mitigating the Risks of Knowledge Gaps
Malhotra, A., Majchrzak, A., & Niemiec, R. M. (2016) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2016.06.004 · Cited by 146
Implementing information systems with project teams using ethnographic–action research
Hartmann, T., Fischer, M. A., & Haymaker, J. R. (2008) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2008.06.006 · Cited by 135
Pluralist action research: a review of the information systems literature*
Chiasson, M. W., Germonprez, M., & Mathiassen, L. (2008) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2008.00297.x · Cited by 133
Pan, S. L., Carter, L. D., Tim, Y., & Sandeep, M. S. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102444 · Cited by 135
Digital innovations in rural micro-enterprises
Räisänen, J., & Tuovinen, T. T. (2019) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.09.010 · Cited by 134
Toward an ‘IT Conflict-Resistance Theory’: action research during IT pre-implementation
Meissonier, R., & Houzé, E. (2010) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2010.35 · Cited by 125
Forming future IT : the living lab way of user involvement
Ståhlbröst, A. (2008) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 122
Exploring the importance of citizen participation and involvement in e‐government projects
Axelsson, K., Melin, U., & Lindgren, I. (2010) · Transforming Government People Process and Policy · doi:10.1108/17506161011081309 · Cited by 126
A design theory for information security awareness
Puhakainen, P. (2006) · Cited by 112
Understanding the perpetration of employee computer crime in the organisational context
Willison, R. (2006) · Information and Organization · doi:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2006.08.001 · Cited by 110
Regnell, B., Runeson, P., & Thelin, T. (2000) · Empirical Software Engineering · doi:10.1023/a:1009848320066 · Cited by 109
Byrne, E., & Sahay, S. (2006) · Information Technology for Development · doi:10.1002/itdj.20052 · Cited by 109
The role of decision support systems in an indeterminate world
Zack, M. H. (2007) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2006.09.003 · Cited by 112
Andersen, T. O., Bjørn, P., Kensing, F., & Moll, J. (2010) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.09.010 · Cited by 104
Virtual teams in and out of synchronicity
DeLuca, D., & Valacich, J. S. (2006) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/09593840610718027 · Cited by 101
Detecting requirements defects with NLP patterns: an industrial experience in the railway domain
Ferrari, A., Gori, G., Rosadini, B., Trotta, I., Bacherini, S., Fantechi, A., & Gnesi, S. (2018) · Empirical Software Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10664-018-9596-7 · Cited by 100
Twelve Tips on usability testing to develop effective e-learning in medical education
Sandars, J. E., & Lafferty, N. (2010) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2010.507709 · Cited by 98
Six sigma or design for six sigma?
Bañuelas, R., & Antony, J. (2004) · The TQM Journal · doi:10.1108/09544780410541909 · Cited by 98
Managing the introduction of information security awareness programmes in organisations
Tsohou, A., Karyda, M., Kokolakis, S., & Kiountouzis, E. (2013) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2013.27 · Cited by 97
Kock, N. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication · doi:10.1109/47.968108 · Cited by 97
Österle, H., & Otto, B. (2010) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-010-0119-3 · Cited by 97
Reflections on issues of power in packaged software selection
Howcroft, D., & Light, B. (2006) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2006.00216.x · Cited by 95
de Villiers, R. (2005) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · doi:10.5555/1145675.1145691 · Cited by 95
Rodríguez, A., de Guzmán, I. G., Fernández‐Medina, E., & Piattini, M. G. (2010) · Information and Software Technology · doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2010.03.015 · Cited by 91
Developing a business analytics methodology: A case study in the foodbank sector
Hindle, G. A., & Vidgen, R. T. (2017) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2017.06.031 · Cited by 92
Balancing Interpretation and Intervention in Information System Research: The Action Case Approach
Vidgen, R. T., & Braa, K. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35309-8_26 · Cited by 85
Investigating the impact of information systems on knowledge sharing
Mirzaee, S., & Ghaffari, A. (2018) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-08-2017-0371 · Cited by 84
Köhler, T., & Chesbrough, H. W. (2019) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12372 · Cited by 83
Qualitative Research in Information Systems: Time to be Subjective?
Garcia, L., & Quek, F. B. S. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35309-8_22 · Cited by 93
Online Communication and Information Technology Education
Heinze, A., & Procter, C. (2006) · Journal of Information Technology Education Research · doi:10.28945/245 · Cited by 82
Furthering Information Systems Action Research: A Post-Positivist Synthesis of Four Dialectics
Kock, N., Gallivan, M. J., & DeLuca, D. (2008) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00150 · Cited by 85
Constructing a web information system development methodology
Vidgen, R. T. (2002) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2575.2002.00129.x · Cited by 80
Capturing the patient voice: implementing patient-reported outcomes across the health system
Austin, E. J., LeRouge, C., Hartzler, A. L., Segal, C. D., & Lavallee, D. C. (2019) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-019-02320-8 · Cited by 81
Secure business process model specification through a UML 2.0 activity diagram profile
Rodríguez, A., Fernández‐Medina, E., Trujillo, J. C., & Piattini, M. G. (2011) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2011.01.018 · Cited by 79
Hendry, L. C., Huang, Y., & Stevenson, M. (2013) · International Journal of Operations & Production Management · doi:10.1108/01443571311288057 · Cited by 77
Exploring Business Transformation: The Challenges of Developing a Benefits Realization Capability
Ashurst, C., & Hodges, J. (2010) · Journal of Change Management · doi:10.1080/14697011003795685 · Cited by 77
The Concept of Creativity in the Information Systems Discipline: Past, Present, and Prospects
Seidel, S., Müller-Wienbergen, F., & Becker, J. (2010) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.02714 · Cited by 75
A Classification Scheme for Interpretive Research in Information Systems
Klein, H. K., & Myers, M. D. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-930708-06-8.ch009 · Cited by 75
Action research for practising managers
French, S. (2009) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621710910939596 · Cited by 73
Strategic scanning project failure and abandonment factors: lessons learned
Lesca, N., & Caron-Fasan, M.-L. (2008) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2008.21 · Cited by 73
Involving Salient Stakeholders
Scholl, H. J. (2004) · Action Research · doi:10.1177/1476750304045940 · Cited by 73
Unveiling strategy in SMEs through balanced scorecard implementation: A circular methodology
Garengo, P., & Biazzo, S. (2012) · Total Quality Management & Business Excellence · doi:10.1080/14783363.2011.637800 · Cited by 69
Synchronous learning best practices: An action research study
Warden, C. A., Stanworth, J. O., Ren, J. B., & Warden, A. R. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.11.010 · Cited by 69
Sustainable building assessment tool for project decision makers and its development process
Kang, H., Lee, Y., & Kim, S. (2016) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2016.02.003 · Cited by 69
Duffield, S., & Whitty, S. J. (2016) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.07.001 · Cited by 68
Bjørn, P., Burgoyne, S., Crompton, V., MacDonald, T., Pickering, B., & Munro, S. (2009) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2009.34 · Cited by 68
Interaction design research with adolescents
Poole, E. S., & Peyton, T. (2013) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/2485760.2485766 · Cited by 76
A review of locative media, mobile and embodied spatial interaction
Bilandzic, M., & Foth, M. (2011) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2011.08.004 · Cited by 67
Harfouche, A., Quinio, B., Saba, M., & Saba, P. (2022) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-022-10352-8 · Cited by 55
GovQual: A quality driven methodology for E-Government project planning
Batini, C., Viscusi, G., & Cherubini, D. (2008) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2008.03.002 · Cited by 66
Davison, R. M., & Martinsons, M. G. (2002) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/09593840210421516 · Cited by 64
Design for social media engagement: Insights from elderly care assistance
Spagnoletti, P., Resca, A., & Sæbø, Ø. (2015) · The Journal of Strategic Information Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jsis.2015.04.002 · Cited by 64
A critical review of interventionist research
Baard, V. C. (2010) · Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management · doi:10.1108/11766091011034262 · Cited by 65
Management accounting systems and organisational culture
Busco, C., & Scapens, R. W. (2011) · Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management · doi:10.1108/11766091111189873 · Cited by 64
Method Components – Rationale Revealed
Wistrand, K., & Karlsson, F. (2004) · Notes on numerical fluid mechanics and multidisciplinary design · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-25975-6_15 · Cited by 63
Genre-based metadata for enterprise document management
Karjalainen, A., Päivärinta, T., Tyrväinen, P., & Rajala, J. (2000) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2000.926696 · Cited by 62
Strategic benefits to SMEs from third party web services: An action research analysis
Ray, A. W., & Ray, J. J. (2006) · The Journal of Strategic Information Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jsis.2006.07.001 · Cited by 62
Governing nonprofit platform ecosystems – an information platform for refugees
Schreieck, M., Wiesche, M., & Krcmar, H. (2017) · Information Technology for Development · doi:10.1080/02681102.2017.1335280 · Cited by 65
Metadata
- Authors
- Baskerville, R. L., & Wood-Harper, A. T.
- Affiliations
- Copenhagen Business School (DK)
- University of Salford (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Information Technology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1996-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 235-246
- ISSN
- 0268-3962 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-4437
- OpenAlex
- W4240661623
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 11.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Information Technology (publishedVersion)
- Journal of the Association for Information Systems (submittedVersion)
- CBS Research Portal (Copenhagen Business School) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Information Systems Theories and Implementation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Appreciative Inquiry and Organizational Change
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information Systems Education and Curriculum Development
- Keywords
- action research, information systems research, post-positivism, research methodology critique, system development methodology, history of action research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review