Cited by 216Religion, Spirituality, and PsychologyPalliative Care and End-of-Life IssuesWorkplace Spirituality and Leadership

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Doctors discussing religion and spirituality: A systematic literature review

Best, Megan, Butow, Phyllis, Olver, Ian·2016·Palliative Medicine

DOI 10.1177/0269216315600912

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Abstract

Background Discussion of religion and/or spirituality in the medical consultation is desired by patients and known to be beneficial. However, it is infrequent. We aimed to identify why this is so. Aim We set out to answer the following research questions: Do doctors report that they ask their patients about religion and/or spirituality and how do they do it? According to doctors, how often do patients raise the issue of religion and/or spirituality in consultation and how do doctors respond when they do? What are the known facilitators and barriers to doctors asking their patients about religion and/or spirituality? Design A mixed qualitative/quantitative review was conducted to identify studies exploring the physician's perspective on discussion of religion and/or spirituality in the medical consultation. Data sources We searched nine databases from inception to January 2015 for original research papers reporting doctors' views on discussion of religion and/or spirituality in medical consultations. Papers were assessed for quality using QualSyst and results were reported using a measurement tool to assess systematic review guidelines. Results Overall, 61 eligible papers were identified, comprising over 20,044 physician reports. Religion and spirituality are discussed infrequently by physicians although frequency increases with terminal illness. Many physicians prefer chaplain referral to discussing religion and/or spirituality with patients themselves. Such discussions are f…

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Empathy and Attending to Patient Religion/Spirituality: Findings from a National Survey of Muslim Physicians
Hamouda, M. A., Emanuel, L., & Padela, A. (2021) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2019.1618063 · Cited by 18
GPs and spiritual care: signed up or souled out? A quantitative analysis of GP trainers’ understanding and application of the concept of spirituality
Appleby, A., Swinton, J., Bradbury, I., & Wilson, P. (2018) · Education for Primary Care · doi:10.1080/14739879.2018.1531271 · Cited by 18
“concept is understood and applied clinically, including in primary care [16,17].”
Background
Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Spiritual Care Competence Questionnaire (SCCQ)
Pastrana, T., Frick, E., Krikorian, A., Ascencio, L., Galeazzi, F., & Büssing, A. (2021) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01402-7 · Cited by 17
Exploration of the Association Between Religious Affiliation and Attitude Toward Spiritual Care in Clinical Nurses.
Chiang, Y., Lee, H.-C., Chu, T.-L., Han, C.-Y., & Hsiao, Y.-C. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000352 · Cited by 17
‘Maybe we are losing sight of the human dimension’ – physicians’ approaches to existential, spiritual, and religious needs among patients with chronic pain or multiple sclerosis. A qualitative interview-study
Andersen, A., Hvidt, E. A., Hvidt, N., & Roessler, K. (2020) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2020.1792308 · Cited by 17
“The conclusion was that most patients thought it was appropriate for physicians to address spirituality and religion in some cases, because they saw it as strengthening their relationship to the physician and as providing more personalised care (Best et al., 2015; McCord et al., 2004).”
Background
Patients’ Needs of Religion/Spirituality Integration in Two Mental Health Clinics in the Netherlands
Amerongen-Meeuse, J. C. V. N., Schaap‐Jonker, H., Hennipman‐Herweijer, C., Anbeek, C., & Braam, A. W. (2018) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2018.1475522 · Cited by 19
Spirituality, Religiosity, Quality of Life and Mental Health Among Pantaneiros: A Study Involving a Vulnerable Population in Pantanal Wetlands, Brazil
Gonçalves, L. M., Tsuge, M. L. T., Borghi, V. S., Miranda, F. P., Sales, A. P. D. A., Lucchetti, A. L. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2018) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-018-0681-4 · Cited by 20
Association Between Nurses’ Spirituality and Frequency of Spiritual Therapeutic Care in Turkey
Dündar, M., & Aslan, H. (2022) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-022-01499-4 · Cited by 16
“…various studies from around the world have shown that nurses’ and other healthcare professionals’ spirituality is associated with a greater likelihood of taking a spiritual history, addressing spiritual issues, and providing spiritual care (Best et al., 2016; Chew et al., 2016; Ross et al., 2016).”
Background
How Should Clinicians Respond to Requests from Patients to Participate in Prayer?
Christensen, A., Cook, T., & Arnold, R. (2018) · AMA journal of ethics · doi:10.1001/amajethics.2018.621 · Cited by 16
Crossing the perspectives of patients, families, and physicians on cancer treatment: A qualitative study
Orri, M., Sibeoni, J., Bousquet, G., Labey, M., Gueguen, J., Laporte, C., Winterman, S., Picard, C., Nascimbeni, C., Verneuil, L., et al. (2016) · OncoTarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.12770 · Cited by 16
“For example, studies have showed that physicians fail to take into account the spiritual and religious concerns of their severely ill patients [25-28], despite recommendations [29], patients’ preferences [26], and the demonstrated benefit in terms of patients’ satisfaction [27].”
Background
Spirituality in Australian Health Professional Practice: A Scoping Review and Qualitative Synthesis of Findings
So, H., Mackenzie, L. A., Chapparo, C., Ranka, J. L., & McColl, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-023-01840-5 · Cited by 14
Healthcare provider self-reported observations and behaviors regarding their role in the spiritual care of cancer patients
Kelly, E. P., Hyer, M., Tsilimigras, D., & Pawlik, T. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05957-1 · Cited by 14
“Research has focused on extrinsic barriers for the provision of spiritual care, including lack of education and training, understanding how to engage with patients around R&S issues without compromising the therapeutic relationship, and how spiritual care fits within the scope of practice for different providers [13,…”
BackgroundResult
Stress and coping strategies of cancer among adult cancer patients in Hawassa University comprehensive specialized hospital cancer centre in 2024: patient, family and health professional perspective
Negash, B. T., & Alelign, Y. (2025) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-025-14023-0 · Cited by 13
“Several studies have demonstrated that health providers neglect considering the spiritual and religious needs patients [87].”
Australian Patient Preferences for the Introduction of Spirituality into their Healthcare Journey: A Mixed Methods Study
Best, M., Jones, K., Merritt, F., Casey, M., Lynch, S., Eisman, J., Cohen, J., Mackie, D., Beilharz, K., & Kearney, M. (2022) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-022-01616-3 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
The Feasibility of Home Palliative Care for Cancer Patients: The Perspective of Iranian Nurses
Farahani, A. S., Rassouli, M., Khanali-Mojen, L., Ansari, M., Ebadinejad, Z., Tabatabaee, A., Azin, P., Pakseresht, M., & Nazari, O. (2018) · International Journal of Cancer Management · doi:10.5812/ijcm.80114 · Cited by 13
Spirituality at the end of life
Morgenweck, C. J. (2018) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0000000000000562 · Cited by 4
“[4] reviewed literature related to physicians’ perspectives on religion and spirituality.”
Background
Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines on the integration of spirituality into mental health clinical practice: Part 1. Spiritual history and differential diagnosis
Mosqueiro, B. P., Costa, M. D. A., Caribé, A. C., Oliveira e Oliveira, F. H. A., Pizutti, L., Zimpel, R. R., Baldaçara, L., da Silva, A. G., & Moreira-Almeida, A. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.47626/1516-4446-2023-3056 · Cited by 12
“33 A randomized clinical trial with palliative care patients showed that patients who were asked directly about their R/S concerns, especially during the ﬁrst consultation, were much more likely to discuss spirituality than those who were not.”
Australian Patient Preferences for Discussing Spiritual Issues in the Hospital Setting: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study
Best, M., Jones, K., Merritt, F., Casey, M., Lynch, S., Eisman, J., Cohen, J., Mackie, D., Beilharz, K., & Kearney, M. (2023) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-023-01767-x · Cited by 12
“…some HCPs do not have the personal resources required for such intimate conversations, which are known to require connecting with others (Daaleman et al., 2008; Rumbold, 2002) and being uncomfortable with uncertainty (Best et al., 2015a; Daaleman et al., 2008; Jones, 1999; Puchalski et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Discussing spiritual health in primary care and the HOPE tool—A mixed methods survey of GP views
Whitehead, I. O., Jagger, C., & Hanratty, B. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276281 · Cited by 12
Barriers and facilitators to multidimensional symptom management in palliative care: A focus group study among patient representatives and clinicians
van der Stap, L., de Heij, A. H., van der Heide, A., Reyners, A. K. L., & van der Linden, Y. M. (2022) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s147895152200133x · Cited by 15
“…communication skills and lack the vocabulary for addressing nonphysical dimensions (Chibnall et al. 2004; Botti et al. 2006; Vermandere et al. 2011; Best et al. 2016b; Fan et al. 2017) and mentioned that they are unfamiliar with referring patients to clinicians like spiritual caregivers (Assing…”
Interprofessional spiritual care education in pediatric hematology‐oncology: A pilot study
Szilagyi, C., Lion, A., Varner-Perez, S. E., Koch, S., Oyedele, O., Slaven, J. E., Montz, K., Haase, J. E., & Puchalski, C. M. (2021) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.29515 · Cited by 18
Exploring Culturally Responsive Religious and Spirituality Health Care Communications among African Americans with Advanced Heart Failure, Their Family Caregivers, and Clinicians
Ejem, D., Steinhauser, K., Dionne-Odom, J., Wells, R. D., Durant, R. W., Clay, O., & Bakitas, M. (2021) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2021.0044 · Cited by 12
“6,7,9,11 An estimated 62–66% of physicians reported actively avoiding discussing R/S in clinical encounters.”
Including the Spiritual Dimension in Multimodal Pain Therapy. Development and Validation of the Spiritual Distress and Resources Questionnaire (SDRQ).
Peng-Keller, S., Moergeli, H., Hasenfratz, K., Naef, R., Rettke, H., Hefti, R., Ljutow, A., Rittmeyer, I., Sprott, H., & Rufer, M. (2021) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.02.021 · Cited by 12
Spiritual Beliefs of Jordanian Adult Patients Receiving Palliative Care
Fawares, F., Ibdah, R., Ammar, K., Alkhoulli, L., Khader, H., Muhareb, H., Habaseh, M., & Abu-Shanab, S. (2020) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-020-01054-z · Cited by 12
The Impact of Spirituality and Religiosity on Mental Health and Quality of Life of Patients with Active Crohn’s Disease
de Campos, R. J. D. S., Lucchetti, G., Lucchetti, A. L. G., Ribeiro, T. C. D. R., Chebli, L. A., Malaguti, C., Gaburri, P. D., Pereira, L. M. N., de Almeida, J. G., & Chebli, J. M. F. (2019) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-019-00801-1 · Cited by 13
Effectiveness of Meaning-Centered Coaching on the Job of Oncology Nurses on Spiritual Care Competences
Modderkolk, L., van Meurs, J., de Klein, V., Engels, Y., & Wichmann, A. B. (2023) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000001255 · Cited by 11
Sentidos de vida e morte: reflexões de pacientes em cuidados paliativos
Hoffmann, L. B., Santos, A., & Carvalho, R. T. (2021) · Psicologia USP · doi:10.1590/0103-6564e180037 · Cited by 11
Moral injury in Veterans with nonepileptic seizures
LaFrance, W. C., Jr., Vo, P., Baird, G. L., East, R., & Stein, N. R. (2019) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106681 · Cited by 12
The influence of religiosity on depressive disorders and suicidal behavior
Kopeyko, G. I., Борисова, О. А., Гедевани, Е. В., & Kaleda, V. G. (2020) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2020120011103 · Cited by 14
Impact of Religion and Spirituality in Older Persons
Lucchetti, G., Vitorino, L. M., Nasri, F., & Lucchetti, A. L. G. (2019) · Religion, spirituality and health: a social scientific approach · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21221-6_8 · Cited by 11
Role-Perceptions of Dutch Spiritual Caregivers in Implementing Multidisciplinary Spiritual Care: A National Survey
van Meurs, J., Breedveld, R., van de Geer, J., Leget, C., Smeets, W., Koorneef, R., Vissers, K., Engels, Y., & Wichmann, A. B. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032154 · Cited by 10
Patterns of religiosity and spirituality of psychiatrists in Brazil and the implications for clinical practice: a latent profile analysis
Menegatti-Chequini, M. C., Loch, A. A., Leão, F. C., Peres, M. F. P., & Vallada, H. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02929-x · Cited by 14
Spirituality in geriatric psychiatry
Lucchetti, A. L. G., Barcelos‐Ferreira, R., Blazer, D. G., & Moreira‐Almeida, A. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000424 · Cited by 17
Influence of Physicians’ Beliefs on Propensity to Include Religion/Spirituality in Patient Interactions
Franzen, A. B. (2018) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-018-0638-7 · Cited by 14
“Recent reviews of research on patients and their desire for religion to be a dimension of medical care highlight the fact that this is not uncommon (Best et al. 2015).”
Background
What is the role of spiritual care specialists in teaching generalist spiritual care? The perspectives of pastoral care staff in a large Catholic health and aged care organisation.
Jones, K., Washington, J., Kearney, M., & Best, M. (2022) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2022.2095779 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Examining Factors Associated with Utilization of Chaplains in the Acute Care Setting
White, K. B., Jennings, J. C., Karimi, S., Johnson, C., & Fitchett, G. (2021) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01460-x · Cited by 9
“The current healthcare workforce has limited time and training to provide the spiritual support desired by patients (Best et al., 2016; Chibnall et al., 2004).”
Background
The religious/spiritual beliefs and needs of cancer survivors who underwent cancer-directed surgery
Kelly, E. P., Paredes, A., DiFilippo, S., Hyer, M., Tsilimigras, D., Rice, D. R., Bae, J., & Pawlik, T. (2020) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951520000772 · Cited by 9
Understanding End-of-Life Preferences: Predicting Life-Prolonging Treatment Preferences Among Community-Dwelling Older Americans
Brenner, A. B., Skolarus, L., Perumalswami, C. R., & Burke, J. (2020) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.010 · Cited by 9
Australian doctors' perspectives on spiritual history-taking skills
Rombola, T. (2019) · Focus on Health Professional Education A Multi-Professional Journal · doi:10.11157/fohpe.v20i1.227 · Cited by 9
“This is quite different to the reported approach from studies of American doctors, where 5–42% would recommend chaplain referral (Best et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
A survey to explore health care staff perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care working in a single district health area in New Zealand
Shah, S., Frey, R., Shipman, K., Gardiner, F., & Milne, H. (2018) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2018.07.006 · Cited by 9
Psychometric Evaluation of the Filipino Versions of the Duke University Religion Index and the Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale in Filipino Hemodialysis Patients
Cruz, J., Reyes, R., Colet, P. C., Estacio, J. C., Caldeira, S., Vitorino, L., & Koenig, H. (2017) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-016-0355-z · Cited by 9
“…have been highlighted as the most important barriers for both nurses and doctors but personal maturity and professional experiences may help nurses to develop competence in spirituality and spiritual care toward a higher level of specialized competencies (Best et al. 2015; Giske and Cone 2015).”
Background
Transforming narratives of physician identity formation and healing: a longitudinal qualitative study of physicians’ stories about spirituality and medicine, from residency to practice
Anandarajah, G., Sleeth, G., Mennillo, M. R., & Srinivasan, A. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-06788-6 · Cited by 8
“However, most studies of physicians focus on barriers to addressing patients’ spiritual needs, rather than the spiritual wellbeing of physicians themselves, as they routinely confront suffering and death [56–65].”
Spiritual Care in PICUs: A U.S. Survey of 245 Training Fellows 2020–2021*
Stevens, P. E., Rassbach, C. E., Qin, F., & Kuo, K. (2023) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/pcc.0000000000003429 · Cited by 8
“Our findings align with previously published needs assessments from other specialties (21–23) and with a systematic review of literature up to 2015 that demonstrated prior training was the strongest predictor of whether physicians incorporated spiritual care into their clinical practice (22).”
Result
SPACEE Protocol: “Spiritual Care Competence” in PAlliative Care Education and PracticE: Mixed-Methods Research in the Development of Iberian Guidelines
Laranjeira, C., Benito, E., Dixe, M. D. A., Sánchez, M. D., Specos, M., & Querido, A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043505 · Cited by 9
GPs´ Personal Spirituality, Their Attitude and Spiritual Competence: A Cross-Sectional Study in German General Practices
Mächler, R., Straßner, C., Sturm, N., Krisam, J., Stolz, R., Schalhorn, F., Valentini, J., & Frick, E. (2022) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-022-01536-2 · Cited by 8
“Patients might have a very different view on their doctors’ competence in this field (Baumann et al., 2011; Best et al., 2016; Marquardt & Demling, 2016).”
Background
Interconexão entre saúde, espiritualidade e religiosidade
Teixeira, M. Z. (2020) · Revista de Medicina · doi:10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v99i2p134-147 · Cited by 29
On caring and sharing-Addressing psychological, biographical, and spiritual aspects in integrative cancer care: A qualitative interview study on physicians' perspectives.
Kienle, G., Mussler, M., Fuchs, D., & Kiene, H. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.04.012 · Cited by 8
Spiritual group training for adolescences: Investigating the effect of group training on spiritual well-being
Wirawan, H., Jufri, M., & Patak, A. A. (2018) · doi:10.1108/ijlls-10-2016-0040 · Cited by 8
Effects of a 12-Month Educational Intervention on Clinicians’ Attitudes/Practices Regarding the Screening Spiritual History
Koenig, H. G., Perno, K., Erkanli, A., & Hamilton, T. (2017) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.14423/smj.0000000000000657 · Cited by 51
“Best and colleagues hypothesized that clinician spirituality made them more comfortable in discussing this subject andmore open to the patient’s spirituality.(14) Note, however, that an increase in SSH taking was independent of clinician religiosity, suggesting that the ETP increased this practice for religious and no…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Physicians’ Religious Topic Avoidance during Clinical Interactions
Villagran, M., MacArthur, B. L., Lee, L., Ledford, C., & Canzona, M. (2017) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs7020030 · Cited by 8
“Although many physicians believe it is preferable for a patient to initiate R/S conversations [14], physicians may also feel uncertain about discussing R/S topics with patients and families, especially when the patient is at the end of life.”
BackgroundInfluential
Spirituality in Primary Care Settings: Addressing the Whole Person through Christian Mindfulness
Cooper, Z. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13040346 · Cited by 10
Pharmacists' spiritual care perspectives and experiences: Qualitative findings from a statewide survey.
Gavaza, P., Rawal, B., & Taylor, E. (2021) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2021.03.008 · Cited by 7
The Effect of Religious Spiritual Education and Care on the Quality of Life among the Elderly: A Review
Yahya, F. B., Hassan, H. C., Panduragan, S. L., & Mat, S. (2024) · Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences ( ISSN 2789-3219 ) · doi:10.54133/ajms.v6i1.481 · Cited by 6
“In contexts where discussing spirituality might be restricted, the term "existential care" is recommended as an alternative to spiritual care [8].”
Background
An Online Survey of Australian Medical Students’ Perspectives on Spiritual History Taking and Spiritual Care
Wenham, J., Best, M., & Kissane, D. W. (2023) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-023-01897-2 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Regaining Autonomy in a Holding Environment: Patients’ Perspectives on the Existential Communication with Physicians When Suffering from a Severe, Chronic Illness: A Qualitative Nordic Study
Andersen, A., Illés, Z., & Roessler, K. (2022) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-022-01658-7 · Cited by 6

Authors: Best, M., Butow, P., & Olver, I.
Affiliations: The University of Sydney (AU)
University of South Australia (AU)
ORCID: Best, Megan
Butow, Phyllis
Olver, Ian
Venue: Palliative Medicine
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2015-08-12
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Pages: 327-337
ISSN: 0269-2163 (ISSN-L)
1477-030X
DOI: 10.1177/0269216315600912
OpenAlex: W1620651998
Cited by: 216
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 3.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Palliative Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Spirituality and Leadership
Keywords: religion, spirituality, physician-patient communication, medical consultation, physician attitudes, barriers to discussion, terminal illness, palliative care
MeSH terms: Attitude of Health Personnel, Chaplaincy Service, Hospital, Communication, Communication Barriers, Humans, Physician-Patient Relations, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Physicians, Referral and Consultation, Religion and Medicine, Databases, Bibliographic, Terminally Ill, Spirituality

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Doctors discussing religion and spirituality: A systematic literature review

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