Religion, spirituality, and medicine: psychiatrists' and other physicians' differing observations, interpretations, and clinical approaches
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OBJECTIVE: This study compared the ways in which psychiatrists and nonpsychiatrists interpret the relationship between religion/spirituality and health and address religion/spirituality issues in the clinical encounter. METHOD: The authors mailed a survey to a stratified random sample of 2,000 practicing U.S. physicians, with an oversampling of psychiatrists. The authors asked the physicians about their beliefs and observations regarding the relationship between religion/spirituality and patient health and about the ways in which they address religion/spirituality in the clinical setting. RESULTS: A total of 1,144 physicians completed the survey. Psychiatrists generally endorse positive influences of religion/spirituality on health, but they are more likely than other physicians to note that religion/spirituality sometimes causes negative emotions that lead to increased patient suffering (82% versus 44%). Compared to other physicians, psychiatrists are more likely to encounter religion/spirituality issues in clinical settings (92% versus 74% report their patients sometimes or often mention religion/spirituality issues), and they are more open to addressing religion/spirituality issues with patients (93% versus 53% say that it is usually or always appropriate to inquire about religion/spirituality). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the vast majority of psychiatrists appreciate the importance of religion and/or spirituality at least at a functional level. Compared to other physicians, psychiatrists also appear to be more comfortable, and have more experience, addressing religion/spirituality concerns in the clinical setting.
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Psychiatrists reported having fewer difficulties and more experience in handling patients' R/S, but these attitudes have not always been reflected in practice, and they face the same barriers as other medical specialists.
“Even though psychiatrists reported having fewer difficulties and more experience in handling their patients’ R/S, these attitudes and perceptions have not always been reflected in their practice, and they face the same barriers as other medical specialists when approaching patients’ R/S.15”
From How psychiatrists think about religious and spiritual beliefs in clinical practice: findings from a university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
Further research has been carried out to investigate the religious and spiritual profiles of psychiatrists and their attitudes towards including religion/spirituality into the management and care of their patients.
“In response to the increased importance of religion/spirituality in clinical practice, further research has been carried out, with the purpose of investigating the religious and spiritual profiles of psychiatrists and their attitudes towards including religion/spirituality into the management and care of their patients.9–14”
From A preliminary survey on the religious profile of Brazilian psychiatrists and their approach to patients' religiosity in clinical practice (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
In the study by Curlin et al., a higher proportion (87%) of American psychiatrists reported always asking about their patients' religion/spirituality.
“In our study, 45.5% of the participants stated they often discussed religion/spirituality with their patients, a much lower figure than that reported in the study by Curlin et al,13 where a higher proportion (87%) of American psychiatrists reported always asking about their patients’ religion/spirituality.”
From A preliminary survey on the religious profile of Brazilian psychiatrists and their approach to patients' religiosity in clinical practice (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
Psychiatry has been described as the least religious among medical specialties.
“Among the medical specialties, psychiatry has been described as the least religious.13,20”
From A preliminary survey on the religious profile of Brazilian psychiatrists and their approach to patients' religiosity in clinical practice (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
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Physicians in the USA: Attendance, Beliefs and Patient Interactions
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- Authors
- Curlin, F. A., Lawrence, R. E., Odell, S., Chin, M. H., Lantos, J. D., Koenig, H. G., & Meador, K. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1825-1831
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC2861911
- OpenAlex
- W2103704809
- Semantic Scholar
- da15566e916b8a522c57252c1c7e56f22428079d
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 7.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K23AT002749)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Demography › Workplace Spirituality and Leadership
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
- Keywords
- religion and spirituality, psychiatrists, physicians, physician beliefs, spirituality and health, patient suffering, religious distress, physician attitudes
- MeSH terms
- Attitude of Health Personnel, Mental Disorders, Communication, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Physician-Patient Relations, Physicians, Psychiatry, Surveys and Questionnaires, Religion and Medicine, Sampling Studies, Logistic Models, Spirituality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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