Spirituality and psychiatry in Canada: psychiatric practice compared with patient expectations
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OBJECTIVE: This study compares psychiatrists' and psychiatric patients' practice, attitudes, and expectations regarding spirituality and religion. METHOD: We mailed surveys to all Canadian psychiatrists registered with the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (n = 2890). The response rate was 42% (n = 1204). We recruited patients from a Canadian on-line survey (n = 67) and from a local mental health clinic (n = 90). RESULTS: Psychiatrists had lower levels of beliefs and practices than did patients and the general population. In both groups, 47% felt there was "often or always" a place to include spirituality in psychiatric assessment, although the perceived importance differed. Among patients, 53% felt it important to have this issue addressed, and 24% considered the psychiatrist's spiritual interest important in their choice of psychiatrist. Barriers to addressing the issue of spirituality and mental health related to psychiatrists' concern regarding its appropriateness and patients' perception that interest is lacking. Psychiatrists' own beliefs and practices were strong predictors of spiritual inquiry. CONCLUSIONS: Although psychiatrists report lower levels of spiritual and religious belief than do patients, they acknowledge that it is important to include this topic in patient care. Increased discussion and education may lower reported barriers to including spirituality and religion in routine psychiatric assessment.
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Patients want their doctors to address spirituality and most doctors and nurses consider important to integrate this aspect into their practice.
“patients want their doctors to address spirituality and most doctors and nurses consider important to integrate this aspect into their practice (Baetz et al., 2004).”
From Defining spirituality in healthcare: a systematic review and conceptual framework. (2021) · cites this paper as Baetz et al., 2004
The religious characteristics and beliefs of physicians, including psychiatrists, are directly related to their attitudes and behaviors regarding R/S in clinical practice.
“The evidence suggests that the religious characteristics and beliefs of physicians (including psychiatrists) are directly related to their attitudes and behaviors regarding R/S in clinical practice.13,17-20”
From How psychiatrists think about religious and spiritual beliefs in clinical practice: findings from a university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
The data are in accordance with previous reports that psychiatrists are less likely to believe in God and declare a religious affiliation than the general population or physicians from other specialties.
“Our data are in accordance with previous reports in which psychiatrists were less likely to believe in God and declare a religious affiliation than the general population16-18,30 or physicians from other specialties.31”
From How psychiatrists think about religious and spiritual beliefs in clinical practice: findings from a university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
Further research has been carried out to investigate the religious and spiritual profiles of psychiatrists and their attitudes towards including religion/spirituality into the management and care of their patients.
“In response to the increased importance of religion/spirituality in clinical practice, further research has been carried out, with the purpose of investigating the religious and spiritual profiles of psychiatrists and their attitudes towards including religion/spirituality into the management and care of their patients.9–14”
From A preliminary survey on the religious profile of Brazilian psychiatrists and their approach to patients' religiosity in clinical practice (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
The majority of psychiatrists agree on the importance and need to integrate religious/spiritual aspects in clinical practice.
“What was interesting to observe from those studies was that the majority of psychiatrists agree on the importance and the need to integrate religious/spiritual aspects in clinical practice.9,10,14”
From A preliminary survey on the religious profile of Brazilian psychiatrists and their approach to patients' religiosity in clinical practice (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
Some studies show that although psychiatrists consider it important to integrate religion/spirituality in the therapeutic context, in practice this does not often happen unless patients themselves took the initiative.
“Some studies show that although psychiatrists consider it important to integrate religion/spirituality in the therapeutic context, in practice this does not often happen,9,10 unless the patients themselves took the initiative.27”
From A preliminary survey on the religious profile of Brazilian psychiatrists and their approach to patients' religiosity in clinical practice (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
Brazilian psychiatrists who responded to the survey had a greater percentage of belief in God than American, German, Canadian, and British psychiatrists.
“However, Brazilian psychiatrists showed a greater percentage of belief in God (71.4%), when compared with American (65%),17 German (56%),11 Canadian (54%)10 and British (23%) psychiatrists.9”
From A preliminary survey on the religious profile of Brazilian psychiatrists and their approach to patients' religiosity in clinical practice (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
American psychiatrists have 65% belief in God, German 56%, Canadian 54%, and British 23%.
“when compared with American (65%),17 German (56%),11 Canadian (54%)10 and British (23%) psychiatrists.9”
From A preliminary survey on the religious profile of Brazilian psychiatrists and their approach to patients' religiosity in clinical practice (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
A Canadian study reported that female psychiatrists had higher rates of religious beliefs, religious practices and intrinsic religiosity than male colleagues.
“For example, a Canadian study10 reported that female psychiatrists had higher rates of religious beliefs, religious practices and intrinsic religiosity than male colleagues.”
From A preliminary survey on the religious profile of Brazilian psychiatrists and their approach to patients' religiosity in clinical practice (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
A Canadian study about psychiatrists shows that as the years of professional practice increased, the importance attributed by psychiatrists to religion/spirituality in psychiatry decreased.
“A similar observation is presented in a Canadian study about psychiatrists10 which shows that as the years of professional practice increased, the importance attributed by psychiatrist to religion/spirituality in psychiatry decreased.”
From A preliminary survey on the religious profile of Brazilian psychiatrists and their approach to patients' religiosity in clinical practice (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Baetz, M., Griffin, R., Bowen, R., & Marcoux, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Saskatchewan (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Baetz, Marilyn
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 265-271
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- OpenAlex
- W2114985197
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Demography › Workplace Spirituality and Leadership
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- spirituality, psychiatry, psychiatric practice, patient expectations, spiritual assessment, patient attitudes, mental health services, Canada
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attitude to Health, Canada, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Psychiatry, Surveys and Questionnaires, Patient Satisfaction, Spirituality
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