A Double-Blind, Randomized, 26-Week Study Comparing the Cognitive and Psychomotor Effects and Efficacy of 75 mg (37.5 mg b.i.d.) Venlafaxine and 75 mg (25 mg Mane, 50 mg Nocte) Dothiepin in Elderly Patients with Moderate Major Depression Being Treated in General Practice
Open accessAbstract
To investigate the efficacy and cognitive and psychomotor effects of venlafaxine and dothiepin in elderly patients with moderate major depression. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, active comparator controlled study was conducted. Eighty-eight patients (aged ≥ 60 years) were enrolled. Each patient received either venlafaxine (immediate release formulation) 37.5 mg twice per day or dothiepin 25 mg mane followed by 50 mg nocte for 26 weeks. Efficacy was assessed with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. A psychometric test battery to assess cognitive function, activities of daily living and sleep consisted of Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF), Short-term Memory - Kim’s Game, Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, Milford Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire, and an Accident Scoring Questionnaire. Quality of Life Questionnaires (Short Form 36 and Quality of Life in Depression Scale) were also administered. Venlafaxine significantly ( p < 0.05) raised CFF scores compared to baseline but had no effect on any other measure. Dothiepin significantly ( p < 0.05) lowered CFF threshold, and increased ratings of both sedation and difficulty in waking. The results showed that venlafaxine at doses of 37.5 mg b.i.d. in elderly depressed patients is free from disruptive effects on cognitive function and psychomotor performance.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
After removing the venlafaxine versus dothiepin trial (Trick et al., 2004), SSRIs/SNRIs have a statistically significant greater effect on memory compared to TCAs (SMD 0.58; 95% CI 0.31-0.84; p < 0.00001; I2 = 0%).
“when removing one study evaluating venlafaxine versus dothiepin (Trick et al., 2004), which appeared to be divergent from the other studies, I2 became 0% and the SMD rose to 0.58 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.84; p < 0.00001) in favor of SSRIs/SNRIs”
From The Cognitive Effects of Antidepressants in Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials (2016) · cites this paper as Trick et al., 2004
Cites
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817 · see citing works
A New Method for Measuring Daytime Sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale
Johns, M. W. (1991) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/14.6.540 · Cited by 17,364 · see citing works
A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change
Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.134.4.382 · Cited by 13,962 · see citing works
SF-36 health survey: Manual and interpretation guide
Ware, J. (2003) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,424 · see citing works
Validating the SF-36 health survey questionnaire: new outcome measure for primary care.
Brazier, J. E., Harper, R., Jones, N. M., O’Cathain, A., Thomas, K. J., Usherwood, T. P., & Westlake, L. (1992) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6846.160 · Cited by 4,660 · see citing works
The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and its correlates.
Broadbent, D., Cooper, P. F., Fitzgerald, P. H., & Parkes, K. (1982) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1982.tb01421.x · Cited by 2,967 · see citing works
Reliability and factor analysis of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
Johns, M. (1992) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/15.4.376 · Cited by 2,193 · see citing works
Frank, E. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810330075011 · Cited by 1,959 · see citing works
Short form 36 (SF36) health survey questionnaire: normative data for adults of working age.
Jenkinson, C., Coulter, A., & Wright, L. (1993) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.306.6890.1437 · Cited by 1,714 · see citing works
Remission rates during treatment with venlafaxine or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Thase, M. E., Entsuah, A. R., & Rudolph, R. L. (2001) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.178.3.234 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Smith, D. D., Dempster, C., Glanville, J., Freemantle, N., & Anderson, I. M. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.5.396 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Psychomotor function and psychoactive drugs.
Hindmarch, I. (1980) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1980.tb01745.x · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Self-citationMuth, E. A., Haskins, J. T., Moyer, J. A., Husbands, G. E. M., Nielsen, S. T., & Sigg, E. B. (1986) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(86)90769-0 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Meta-analytical studies on new antidepressants
Anderson, I. M. (2001) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/57.1.161 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
The QLDS: A scale for the measurement of quality of life in depression
Hunt, S. M., & McKenna, S. P. (1992) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/0168-8510(92)90004-u · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Anderson, I. M., & Tomenson, B. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6992.1433 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Montgomery, S. A., Henry, J. A., McDonald, G. J., Dinan, T. G., LADER, M. H., Hindmarch, I., Clare, A. W., & Nutt, D. (1994) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-199400910-00008 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citationTrindade, E. M., Menon, D., Topfer, L.-A., & Coloma, C. (1998) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Anderson, I. M., & Tomenson, B. (1994) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119400800407 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Factor analysis of a sleep evaluation questionnaire
Parrott, A. C., & Hindmarch, I. (1978) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700014379 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationPeretti, S., Judge, R., & Hindmarch, I. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2000.tb10944.x · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationVenlafaxine and paroxetine in treatment-resistant depression: Double-blind, randomised comparison
Poirier, M.-F., & Boyer, P. (1999) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.175.1.12 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Venlafaxine and paroxetine in treatment-resistant depression
Gregson, J. R. (1999) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.175.6.591a · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency (CFF): The Effects of Psychotropic Compounds
Hindmarch, I. (1982) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1019549 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationRudolph, R. L., & Feiger, A. D. (1999) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00067-1 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The Definition and Operational Criteria for Treatment Outcome of Major Depressive Disorder
Prien, R. F. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810330020003 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Hindmarch, I. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationSiwek, P. (1959) · doi:10.1037/11655-000 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Comparison of compliance between serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants
Montgomery, S. A., & Kasper, S. F. (1995) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-199501004-00005 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Expanding the horizons of depression: beyond the monoamine hypothesis
Hindmarch, I. (2001) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.288 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationPharmacologic Treatment of Acute Major Depression and Dysthymia: Clinical Guideline, Part 1
Snow, V. T., Lascher, S., & Mottur-Pilson, C. (2000) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-132-9-200005020-00010 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Placebo-Controlled Trial of Venlafaxine for the Treatment of Major Depression
Schweizer, E. E., Weise, C., Clary, C. M., Fox, I., & Rickels, K. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199108000-00002 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Einarson, T. R., Arikian, S. R., Casciano, J. P., & Doyle, J. (1999) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(00)88287-9 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Mehtonen, O. ‐., Søgaard, J., Roponen, P., Behnke, K., & Venlafaxine 631 Study Group (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v61n0204 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Recent pharmacologic advances in antidepressant therapy for the elderly.
Preskorn, S. H. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 90 · see citing works
O’Hanlon, J. F., Robbe, H. W. J., Vermeeren, A., van Leeuwen, C. J., & Danjou, P. E. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199806000-00006 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of b.i.d. doses of venlafaxine in a dose-response study.
MENDELS, J., Johnston, R. B., Mattes, J. A., & Riesenberg, R. A. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Sites, U. (1998) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.1590/s1020-49891998000600018 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Venlafaxine in depressed outpatients.
Khan, A., Lf, F., & Rudolph, R. L. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Effects of Caffeine and Noise on Mood, Performance and Cardiovascular Functioning
Smith, A. P., Whitney, H., Thomas, M., Perry, K., & BROCKMAN, P. (1997) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(199701/02)12:1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationAdverse events and treatment discontinuations in fluoxetine clinical trials
Pande, A. C., & Sayler, M. E. (1993) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-199300840-00010 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hindmarch, I., & Parrott, A. C. (1979) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb04713.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationGentil, V., Kerr-Corrêa, F., Moreno, R. A., Busnello, E. D., Campos, J. A. D. O., Juruena, M. F., Lafer, B., Moreno, D. H., Rosa, L. D. C. R., Tiosso, A., et al. (2000) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988110001400108 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Do SSRIs differ in their antidepressant efficacy
Kasper, S. F., & Heiden, A. M. (1995) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.470100905 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Immune Disturbances in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Modulation by Antidepressive Treatments
Maes, M. H. J., Vandoolaeghe, E., Hunsel, F. V., Bril, T., Demedts, P., Wauters, A., & Neels, H. M. (1997) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(199703/04)12:2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationA review of the safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy
GOLDSTEIN, D. J., & Sundell, K. L. (1999) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(199907)14:5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationVenlafaxine and Nefazodone, Two Pharmacologically Distinct Antidepressants
Augustin, B. G., Cold, J. A., & Jann, M. W. (1997) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1997.tb03060.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hindmarch, I., Parrott, A. C., & LANZA, M. (1979) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1979.tb01643.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationPharmacokinetic aspects of antidepressant treatment in the elderly
Norman, T. R. (1993) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0278-5846(93)90068-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Place of Milnacipran in the Treatment of Depression
Kasper, S. F. (1997) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(199709)12:3+ · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the feasibility of designing new antidepressants
Pinder, R. M. (2001) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.183 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Depression in primary care patients: Improvement during long-term escitalopram treatment
Wade, A., Despiégel, N., & Reines, E. H. (2002) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(02)80280-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
[The concept of resistant depression and therapeutic strategies, particularly, with venlafaxine].
Poirier, M. F. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
BHUAMIK, S., & Wildgust, H. J. (1996) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(199607)11:4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 55 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Millan, M. J. (2006) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.006 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Rosenblat, J. D., Kakar, R., & McIntyre, R. S. (2016) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv082 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Antidepressants and Falls in the Elderly
Darowski, A., Chambers, S.-A. C. F., & Chambers, D. (2009) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/00002512-200926050-00002 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Kok, R. M., Nolen, W. A., & Heeren, T. J. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.036 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Bauer, M., Tharmanathan, P., Volz, H., Moeller, H., & Freemantle, N. (2009) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-008-0849-0 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Tolerability and safety of fluvoxamine and other antidepressants
Westenberg, H. G. M., & Sandner, C. (2006) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1368-5031.2006.00865.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Antidepressants in elderly: Metaregression of double-blind, randomized clinical trials
Calati, R., Signorelli, M. S., Balestri, M., Marsano, A., Ronchi, D. D., Aguglia, E., & Serretti, A. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.053 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A Review of Modern Antidepressants Effects on Neurocognitive Function
Biringer, E., Rongve, A., & Lund, A. (2009) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340009788971137 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Cognitive dysfunction in major depression: From assessment to novel therapies
Atique-Ur-Rehman, H., & Neill, J. C. (2019) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.013 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Salagre, E., Solé, B., Tomioka, Y., Fernandes, B. S., Hidalgo-Mazzei, D., Garriga, M., Jimenez, E., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Vieta, E., & Grande, I. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.034 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Ainsworth, N. J., Marawi, T., Maslej, M. M., Blumberger, D. M., McAndrews, M. P., Perivolaris, A., Pollock, B. G., Rajji, T. K., & Mulsant, B. H. (2024) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230392 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Costs and Benefits of Psychotropic Medications in Older Adults
Brooks, J. O., & Hoblyn, J. C. (2007) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988707308803 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Further evidence of attention bias for negative information in late life depression
Broomfield, N. M., Davies, R., MacMahon, K., Ali, F., & Cross, S. M. B. (2007) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1655 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Use of Antidepressants in Late-Life Depression
Rajji, T. K., Mulsant, B. H., Lotrich, F. E., Lokker, C., & Reynolds, C. F. (2008) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/00002512-200825100-00003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Gray, V., & Hughes, R. N. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.023 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Benraad, C. E. M., Kamerman-Celie, F., Munster, B. C. V., Voshaar, R. C. O., Spijker, J., & Rikkert, M. G. M. O. (2016) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4443 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Long-term effects of antidepressants on cognition in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Caballero, J., Hitchcock, M., Beversdorf, D. Q., Scharre, D. W., & Nahata, M. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2006.00778.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Influence of Pharmacotherapy on Cognitive Functions in Depression: A Review of the Literature
Orzechowska, A., Filip, M., & Gałecki, P. (2015) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.895156 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Li, M., Zhang, J., Jiang, C., Wang, J., Sun, R.-H., Jin, S.-Y., Zhang, N., & Zhou, Z. (2023) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s393264 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tzschentke, T., Magalas, Z., & Vry, J. D. (2006) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00009.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rozjabek, H., Li, N., Hartmann, H., Fu, D., Canuso, C. M., & Jamieson, C. (2022) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-022-00453-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gudayol-Ferré, E., Duarte-Rosas, P., Peró-Cebollero, M., & Guàrdia-Olmos, J. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001150 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mantra meditation as adjunctive therapy in major depression: A randomized controlled trial
Bringmann, H. C., Sulz, A., Ritter, P. S., Brunnhuber, S., Bauer, M., & Mayer-Pelinski, R. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100232 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cognitive Deficits in Major Depression
Coles, A. S., Lee, Y.-N., Subramaniapillai, M., & McIntyre, R. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-58131-8.00004-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adverse Effects of Pharmacological Treatments of Major Depression in Older Adults
Sobieraj, D. M. (2019) · doi:10.23970/ahrqepccer215 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Medications and Cognition in Older Adults
Caporaso, G. L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3106-0_7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Medications and Cognition in Older Adults
Caporaso, G. L. (2019) · Clinical handbooks in neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93497-6_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Management of Late-life Depression in the Nursing Home
Urdaneta, C. A., & Thakur, M. E. (2010) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485718-20091229-02
Magalas, Z., & Wagner, H. (2006) · RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)
Antidepressant usage by South African children and adolescents: A drug utilisation review
Rooyen, V., & Jacobus, C. (2013)
Current awareness in geriatric psychiatry
(2004) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1221
Current awareness in human psychopharmacology
(2004) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.632
Rozjabek, H., Li, N., Hartmann, H., Fu, D. J., Canuso, C. M., & Jamieson, C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20290994
Sasi, S. M., Turankar, A. V., Thakre, M. N., Mahajan, S. L., Pramoda, N., & Sharma, A. (2025) · National Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.4103/njpt.njpt_11_25
- Authors
- Trick, L., Stanley, N., Rigney, U., & Hindmarch, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Trick, Leanne
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 205-214
- ISSN
- 0269-8811 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7285
- OpenAlex
- W2087216612
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- venlafaxine, dothiepin, geriatric depression, major depressive disorder, cognitive function, psychomotor performance, critical flicker fusion, sleepiness, sedation, quality of life, antidepressant efficacy, general practice
- MeSH terms
- Venlafaxine Hydrochloride, Aged, Cognition, Cyclohexanols, Depressive Disorder, Dizziness, Dothiepin, Double-Blind Method, Drug Administration Schedule, Female, Flicker Fusion, Humans, Disorders of Excessive Somnolence, Male, Narcolepsy, Nausea, Psychometrics, Psychomotor Performance, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review