A series elastic- and Bowden-cable-based actuation system for use as torque actuator in exoskeleton-type robots
Abstract
Within the context of impedance controlled exoskeletons, common actuators have important drawbacks. Either the actuators are heavy, have a complex structure or are poor torque sources, due to gearing or heavy nonlinearity. Considering our application, an impedance controlled gait rehabilitation robot for treadmill-training, we designed an actuation system that might avoid these drawbacks. It combines a lightweight joint and a simple structure with adequate torque source quality. It consists of a servomotor, a flexible Bowden cable transmission, and a force feedback loop based on a series elastic element. A basic model was developed that is shown to describe the basic dynamics of the actuator well enough for design purpose. Further measurements show that performance is sufficient for use in a gait rehabilitation robot. The demanded force tracking bandwidths were met: 11 Hz bandwidth for the full force range (demanded 4 Hz) and 20 Hz bandwidth for smaller force range (demanded 12 Hz). The mechanical output impedance of the actuator could be reduced to hardly perceptible level. Maxima of about 0.7 Nm peaks for 4 Hz imposed motions appeared, corresponding to less than 2.5% of the maximal force output. These peaks were caused by the stick friction in the Bowden cables. Spring stiffness variation showed that both a too stiff and a too compliant spring can worsen performance. A stiff spring reduces the maximum allowable controller gain. The relatively low control gain then causes a larger effect of stick in the force output, resulting in a less smooth output in general. Low spring stiffness, on the other side, decreases the performance of the system, because saturation will occur sooner.
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Physical guiding lower limb movement may decrease motor learning, and the patient's effort and participation in the training, and thus may not achieve effective training.
“Literature has suggested that physical guiding lower limb movement may decrease motor learning, and the patient's effort and participation in the training, and thus may not achieve effective training [57].”
From Recent developments and challenges of lower extremity exoskeletons (2016) · cites this paper as [57]
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- Authors
- Veneman, J. F., Ekkelenkamp, R., Kruidhof, R., van der Helm, F. C. T., & van der Kooij, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Twente (NL)
- Biomechanical Engineering, BMTI University of Twente P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- ORCID
- Veneman, J. F.
- Venue
- The International Journal of Robotics Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 261-281
- ISSN
- 0278-3649 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-3176
- OpenAlex
- W2147288676
- Cited by
- 428
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 12.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The International Journal of Robotics Research (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion)
- TECNALIA Publications (Fundación TECNALIA Research & Innovation) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Soft Robotics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Teleoperation and Haptic Systems
- Keywords
- series elastic actuator, torque actuators, impedance control, robotic exoskeleton, gait rehabilitation robot, treadmill training, force feedback, servo motor, spring stiffness, actuator dynamics modeling
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