The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
“It's Not What I Expected”: A Qualitative Study of Youth Mentoring Relationship Failures
Abstract
Although estimates are that only about half of youth mentoring relationships established through formal programs last beyond a few months, almost no attention has been paid to understanding mentoring relationship failures. In-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 adult and 11 adolescent male and female participants in a community-based one-to-one mentoring program whose relationships ended early. Line-by-line coding and a narrative approach to a thematic analysis of the interview transcripts yielded six salient factors that contributed to the demise of these mentoring relationships: (a) mentor or protégé abandonment, (b) perceived lack of protégé motivation, (c) unfulfilled expectations, (d) deficiencies in mentor relational skills, including the inability to bridge cultural divides, (e) family interference, and (f) inadequate agency support.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Conversely, mentors’ inability to bridge cultural differences appeared to be a pivotal contributor to the termination of matches [117].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [117]
In the citing paper
“Mentors in BBBS America who held mentees in positive regard and were capable of engaging authentically and empathically with them were more likely to facilitate the establishment of strong relationships [94,117].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [117]
In the citing paper
“The perceived similarity between BBBS mentors’ ideal versus actual roles were significant predictors of mentors’ expressed intentions to preserve the relationship [144], whereas mentors’ feelings of frustration and ineffectiveness compared with their initial expectations were shown to account for early termination, as reported in qualitative studies [116,117,120].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [117]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, mentors holding negative attitudes toward children and adolescents often found it challenging to connect with or understand them [94,117].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [117]
In the citing paper
“questions about whether formal mentors from different cultures provide different kinds of support and how their mentees perceive this support have rarely been addressed [117,164,165].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [117]
In the citing paper
“Interviews with adult male mentors and adolescent boys paired in BBBS America indicated that boys, similar to girls, valued emotional closeness in their mentoring relationships [117,154].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [117]
In the citing paper
“Another qualitative study reported that early terminations were more likely to occur when mentors perceived the program caseworker in BBBS America involvement as either excessive or scanty [117].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [117]
Citations
Cites
Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook
(1994) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(05)80231-2 · Cited by 48,420
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835
Self-efficacy: the exercise of control
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1826 · Cited by 24,451
(2006) · Cited by 18,730
Constructing grounded theory. A practical guide through qualitative analysis
Brink, E., Dellve, L., Hallberg, U. E., Abrahamsson, K. H., Klingberg, G., & Wentz, K. (2006) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.3402/qhw.v1i3.4932 · Cited by 6,913
Counseling the Culturally Diverse: Theory and Practice
Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2002) · Cited by 2,708
Effectiveness of mentoring programs for youth: A meta-analytic review
DuBois, D. L., Holloway, B. E., Valentine, J. C., & Cooper, H. (2002) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1014628810714 · Cited by 1,544
Diversified Mentoring Relationships in Organizations: A Power Perspective
Ragins, B. R. (1997) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1997.9707154067 · Cited by 724
The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships
Grossman, J. B., & Rhodes, J. E. (2002) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1014680827552 · Cited by 678
Developmental Assets: A Synthesis of the Scientific Research on Adolescent Development
Scales, P. C., & Leffert, N. (2004) · Cited by 617
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 34 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Barrett, B., 2004, Little moments big magic: Inspirational stories of Big Brothers and Big Sisters and the magic they create
- Flaxman, E., 1988, Youth mentoring: Programs and practices
- Freedman, M., 1993, The kindness of strangers: Adult mentors, urban youth, and the new volunteerism
- Johnson, J.M. (2002). In-depth interviewing. In J. F. Gubrium & J. A. Holstein (Eds.), Handbook of interview research: Context and method (pp. 103–119). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications .
- MENTOR/National Mentoring Partnership, 2003, Elements of effective practice
- MENTOR/National Mentoring Partnership, 2006, Mentoring in America 2005: A snapshot of the current state of mentoring
- Seidman, I.E., 1991, Interviewing as qualitative research
- Spencer, R., 2006, The Community Psychologist, 39, 35
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–266 of 266
Newton, A., Robson, M., & Johnson, D. (2024) · Journal of Criminological Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.1108/jcrpp-11-2023-0058 · Cited by 1
“I wished I could have said bye”: exploring youth reactions to formal mentoring relationship endings
Keller, T. E., McCormack, M. J., Miranda‐Díaz, M., Drew, A. L., & Spencer, R. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108594 · Cited by 1
Weiler, L. M., Smith, A. K., Zimmerman, T. S., Haddock, S. A., He, Y., Mueller, C., Mudiyanselage, C. D. K. P. H., & Miller, R. L. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-025-01053-7 · Cited by 1
Cross, A. R., Richardson, J. T., Tom, K. E., & Fine, A. (2026) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/15412040261438661 · Cited by 1
윤경원, & 엄재은 (2009) · 교육사회학연구 · doi:10.32465/ksocio.2009.19.3.005 · Cited by 1
A Toddler Mentor Program with Elementary Students to Improve the Development of Empathy
Aldrich, M. (2015) · SOPHIA (St. Catherine University) · Cited by 1
Rivera, C. S. (2012) · Digital Commons-DePaul (DePaul University) · Cited by 1
Research-Based Practices in Afterschool Mentoring Programs.
McDaniel, S. C., Yarbrough, A.-M., & Besnoy, K. D. (2015) · Afterschool Matters · Cited by 1
Kanchewa, S. S. (2016) · Cited by 1
Frontiere di comunità. Complessità a confronto
Boniforti, D., Albanesi, C., & Zatti, A. (2017) · AMS Acta (University of Bologna) · doi:10.6092/unibo/amsacta/5502 · Cited by 5
Richardson, Q. A. (2020) · UNI ScholarWorks (University of Northern Iowa) · Cited by 1
Schüler, B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-31631-0_12 · Cited by 1
The Effects of Social Support on At-Risk Youth
Culpepper, C. L. (2014) · Cited by 1
Long-term mentoring for disadvantaged young people
Evans, M. (2011) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1
Supporting minority students through mentoring: Best practices for formal mentoring programs
Stockslager, E. L. (2013) · Loyola eCommons (Loyola University of Chicago) · Cited by 1
McCargo, D. D. (2011) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 1
Student Perspectives on Meaningful Adult Relationships in a Transfer School
Collins, S. E. (2016) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 1
Jones, K. M. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.3104 · Cited by 1
Owen-Boukra, E. (2021) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.58701 · Cited by 1
Liang, B., Rhodes, J. E., & Spencer, R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66252-3_3022 · Cited by 1
Mentor Perceptions Of Closure In Formal Youth Mentoring Relationships
Peterson, A. M. (2011) · The Keep (Eastern Illinois University)
Karcher, M. J. (2007) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9259-2
Ferro, A. (2012) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Ness, E. J. (2012) · Cornerstone (Minnesota State University, Mankato)
A Process and Outcome Evaluation of the 4-H Mentoring/ Youth and Families with Promise (YFP) Program
Poulin, M. E., & Orchowsky, S. (2012)
Racial Matching and the mentoring relationship: A comparison study
Clark, K. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/bvyw-e947
Perspectives on the D.C. Juvenile Justice System
Hughes, E. (2011) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)
Rempel, M. (2012) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan)
Omari, A. M. (2015) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Transforming Lives: The First 18 Months of the MCR Pathways Mentoring Programme
Fassetta, G., Siebelt, L., & Mitchell, I. (2014) · ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)
Smith, C. A. (2012) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/15902
DO RELATIONSHIPS MATTER? AN EXAMINATION OF A SCHOOL-BASED INTERGENERATIONAL MENTORING PROGRAM
Sue, J. L. (2014) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Supporting Mentor Competency At African Community Education
Renner, K. (2016) · Clark Digital Commons (Clark University)
The R Factor: Centering Race in the Mentoring of African American College Students
Coble, B. (2012) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
O'Connell, J. (2017) · University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick) · doi:10.34961/178
Youth mentoring: mentors' and caseworkers' perspectives of enduring mentoring relationships
Mountain, N. (2014) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Miller, C. G. (2019) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
Finding a Way Forward: Young People's Experiences Navigating the World of Work.
Flanagan, S. K., Margolius, M., Ismail, B. I., Hynes, M. E., & Jones, E. P. (2020)
Goldner, L., & Scharf, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_259
Goldner, L., & Scharf, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_259-2
Liang, B., Rhodes, J. E., & Spencer, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9_3022
Goldner, L., & Scharf, M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_259
Liang, B., Rhodes, J. E., & Spencer, R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3022-1
Better together: Supporting youth with mental health needs by utilizing the social network
Koper, N. (2023) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/1736 · Cited by 1
SOCIAL SUPPORT AND VICTIMIZATION AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN MALITA, DAVAO OCCIDENTAL PHILIPPINES
Ubas, R. R. P., Galo, M. S., & Sarno, J. M. D. (2023) · International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0053.9018
Mutignani, L. M., Steggerda, J. C., Scafe, M. J., Vengurlekar, I. N., & Cavell, T. A. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107476
Erdem, G., Safi, O. A., & Savaş, E. B. (2024) · International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education · doi:10.1108/ijmce-09-2023-0086 · Cited by 1
The Long-Term Impacts of Mentors: Evidence from Experimental and Administrative DataPreprint
Bell, A. G., & Petkova, N. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4868302
Kumar, A. T., & Prieto‐Flores, Ò. (2024) · International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education · doi:10.1108/ijmce-12-2023-0116
Cory, M., Rice, J., Chavis, C., Carter, J., Sánchez, B., Michel, R. E., DuBois, D. L., Chen, E., & Grant, K. E. (2025) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.70044
Raposa, E. B., Versey, H. S., Davis, A., Colson‐Fearon, B., & Palermo, C. (2025) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.70055
Youth mentoring: the development of the child-mentor relationship
Kleszcz, M. P. (2012) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Patel, M., Aitken, D., Xue, Y., Sockalingam, S., & Simpson, A. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13627531
Lakind, D., Coleman, C. A., Kolberg, B. B., Raiford, J. R., & Eddy, J. M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05580-4_24
Koide, J., McDaniel, H. L., & Lyons, M. D. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108789
Werntz, A. J., Jasman, M., Cherry, J., Borer, A., Johnston, A., Meany, M. K., Stettin, J., McCarron, T., & Rhodes, J. E. (2026) · Mentoring & Tutoring Partnership in Learning · doi:10.1080/13611267.2026.2632131
Mentoring Relationships in the Lives of Boys and Young Men
Rhodes, J. E. (2024) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162261431696
Chan, K., Fung, M. S. K., Tse, M., & Ho, S. C. (2026) · International journal of evidence based coaching and mentoring · doi:10.1177/17418305261460231
An Evaluation of Factors Leading to Mentor Satisfaction
Martin, S. M. (2011) · Cornerstone (Minnesota State University, Mankato)
Metadata
- Authors
- Spencer, R.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spencer, Renée
- ORCID
- Spencer, Renée
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescent Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 331-354
- ISSN
- 0743-5584 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6895
- OpenAlex
- W2022414674
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 7.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescent Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Mentoring and Academic Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Youth Development and Social Support
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Career Development and Diversity
- Keywords
- youth mentoring, breakup, abandonment, unfulfilled expectations, cultural differences, family interference, agency support, community mentoring
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review