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Prefrontal Executive Function Syndromes in Children
Abstract
"Executive function" is a term describing the processes required for conscious control of thought, emotion, and action that are central to the management of one's day-to-day life. Executive function is subserved by the prefrontal cortex and related subcortical structures. Disorders affecting the prefrontal cortex-subcortical system are numerous and heterogeneous, but contemporary research has begun to elucidate the mechanisms and consequences of dysfunction in various subsystems with increasing specificity. Prefrontal executive dysfunction results in impaired regulation of cognition, attention, behaviors, arousal, and emotion, all of which have serious and pervasive consequences for functioning across the life span. These executive function deficits are typically difficult to treat, ameliorate, or remediate and require sensitive handling by caretakers. Executive dysfunction can arise as a consequence of many different factors (metabolic, genetic, certain types of epilepsy, cerebral dysgenesis, prematurity, traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, and toxic exposure). The present review delineates the features of prefrontal executive function deficits in children and proposes a roadmap for their diagnosis, treatment, and management.
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“children may perform within the expected levels on EF tasks in the clinic setting but perform poorly in daily activities that require EF abilities (Powell and Voeller 2004).”
From Characterizing the Factor Structure of Parent Reported Executive Function in Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Impact of Cognitive Inflexibility (2014) · cites this paper as Powell and Voeller 2004
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“Executive function deficits, although seen in a variety of conditions (Powell & Voeller, 2004), are well known to be associated with ADHD (Willcutt, Doyle, Nigg, Faraone, & Pennington, 2005), and studies have found that children with ADHD show deficits in higher level reading-related skills (Purvis…”
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Self-citationExecutive Function in Very Preterm Children at Early School Age
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“…of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Science, Engineering and Technology Group, 3000 Leuven, Belgium 4 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group, 3000 Leuven, Belgium 5 Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Research Group Experimental Neurology, Department of…”
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“Consequently, children may perform within the expected levels on EF tasks in the clinic setting but perform poorly in daily activities that require EF abilities (Powell and Voeller 2004).”
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“Thus, everyday failures may be sensitive to impairments that are not evident in a laboratory setting, which might preclude assessment of the full spectrum of real-world dysfunction [37, 38, 52, 53].”
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“EF depends on prefrontal cortices which have a protracted maturation (Powell and Voeller, 2004; Sowell et al., 2004), making EF susceptible to developmental disturbances.”
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“This task assesses cognitive control processes that are particularly affected in TBI patients (Cicerone et al., 2005; Powell and Voeller, 2004; Rees et al., 2007).”
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“The DLPFC is believed to play a critical role in holding information ‘online’ [26] and mediating strategic organization and data compression processes [68,69], hence its sensitivity to increasing cognitive demand in ours and other studies [68-71].”
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“These regions of the brain are known to be critical for a number of higher-order cognitive processes such as working memory, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility (Powell and Voeller 2004).”
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“It mediates attention and controls distractibility, maintains focus but also provides flexible shifts of cognitive set, and is also involved in generating fluent verbal and nonverbal activity (Powell and Voeller, 2004).”
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“The coexistence of EFD in children with ADHD has clinical significance: Children with ADHD and EF are at greater risk for significant academic, behavioral, and social problems than children with ADHD only ( Biederman et al, 2004 ; Powell & Voeller, 2004 ).”
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“Dysfunction of the frontal lobes and frontal-subcortical circuits is often associated with impulsivity and aggression, and poor decision making (e.g., Dyer, Bell, McCann et al. 2006; Powell & Voeller, 2004).”
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“It is the last cognitive function to mature [60] and evolves over a prolonged period of time through brain maturation and life experiences in childhood and adolescence.”
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“Powell and Voeller (2004) also argue that childhood executive functioning is subserved by the prefrontal cortex–subcortical system, with dysfunction at least partially caused by biological insults (e.g., hypoxia or toxic exposure) or abnormalities (e.g., genetic or metabolic).”
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“…Attention; Children; Adolescents Executive function represents a complex construct that includes multiple abilities, such as working memory, planning, emotional self-regulation, attention, organization, motivation, motor control and goal-directed behaviors (Barkley, 1997; Powell & Voeller, 2004).”
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“…traumatic insult in children (Mendelsohn et al. 1992; Wilde et al. 2012) and right frontal regions are vital in supporting executive functioning such as cognitive flexibility, judgment, and self-monitoring (Jacobs et al. 2007), which may contribute to social functioning (Powell and Voeller 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialNeuromagnetic Vistas into Typical and Atypical Development of Frontal Lobe Functions
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“Disturbances of frontal lobe development can have severe consequences for the maturation of executive functions (Powell and Voeller, 2004).”
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“Results of this study support prior research findings of impaired EF associated with frontal-lobe involvement more so than temporal-lobe involvement, and particularly with problem solving (Hernandez et al., 2003; Powell et al., 2004).”
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“…hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), often face academic challenges due to dif fi culties with executive functioning (EF) skills, which are essential for adaptive behavior and learning (e.g., working memory, planning, inhibition, attention) (Dajani et al., 2016; Powell & Voeller, 2004; Sun & Buys, 2012).”
BackgroundDisfunção executiva como uma medida de funcionalidade em adultos com TDAH
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“in mental health, juvenile justice and behavioural interventions, with rigorous evaluation, it could prove a most useful tool in the rehabilitation of young people with TBI [10, 51, 76].”
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“But there are other studies which found a relationship between empathy, social skills, and the proposed cognitive dimension of prefrontal cortex functions, the executive functions (Taiwo et al. 2021; Powell and Voeller 2004).”
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“Furthermore, a multiple cases design was chosen to allow the examination of contrasting patterns along different dimensions; gender, type of CP, motor impairment, class arrangement, social participation in class, cognitive impairments, social impairments.”
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Estudiantes hoy, entre Facebook, Google y Metacognición. Ideas para innovar en la Educación Superior
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“…cortex (Collins et al., 2012; Nowrangi et al., 2014), evidence indicates that this region does not act alone in the performance of executive functions, but rather in conjunction with more subcortical and posterior, such as the thalamus and cerebellum (Elliott, 2003; Powell & Voeller, 2004).”
Measures of General Cognitive Functioning
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“syndrome (18), and executive dysfunction (19), and differential diagnoses, such as Landau-Kleffner syndrome (20), early-onset schizophrenia (21), early-onset catatonias (22), and attachment disorders (23).”
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Psychometric properties of the BRIEF2A: Does it fit better than BRIEF-A?
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“…develop significantly throughout childhood and adolescence (Best & Miller, 2010; Korkman et al., 2013) and depend on extensive brain regions and networks (e.g frontal, parietal, and cerebellar lobes) (Collette et al., 2006; Nowrangi et al., 2014; Powell & Voeller, 2004; Salehinejad et al., 2021).”
Influence of executive functions on quality of life in Pediatric Epilepsy: A cross-sectional study
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Case study of the identification, assessment and early intervention of executive function deficits
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Neural and cognitive function in a pediatric brain injury model: The impact of task complexity
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Executive functioning: A way to differentiate ADHD /C from ADHD /PI
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The Cognitive Face of Cerebellum; Implications for Extended Research
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“Tasks demanding working memory activate both prefrontal cortex and cerebellum(48).”
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Neurofibromatosis Type I Learning Disabilities
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Cognition in the Context of Psychopathology
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Case study of the identification, assessment and early intervention of executive function deficits
Vakil, L. A. C. A. S. (2014) · International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.20489/intjecse.107943 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Powell, K. B., & Voeller, K. K. S.
- Affiliations
- Western Institute for Neurodevelopmental Studies and Interventions Western Institute for Neurodevelopmental Studies and Interventions, Boulder, CO,
- Western Institute for Neurodevelopmental Studies and Interventions Western Institute for Neurodevelopmental Studies and Interventions, Boulder, CO
- Corresponding author
- Powell, Kristin B.
- Venue
- Journal of Child Neurology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 785-797
- ISSN
- 0883-0738 (ISSN-L)
- 1708-8283
- OpenAlex
- W1585151500
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- executive function, prefrontal cortex, executive dysfunction, children, attention, emotion regulation, arousal, diagnosis, treatment, preterm birth, traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, toxic exposure, cerebral dysgenesis, epilepsy, genetic disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Medical Illustration, Neuropsychological Tests, Syndrome, Prefrontal Cortex
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