Longitudinal Associations Among Bullying, Homophobic Teasing, and Sexual Violence Perpetration Among Middle School Students
Open accessAbstract
Bullying perpetration and sexual harassment perpetration among adolescents are major public health issues. However, few studies have addressed the empirical link between being a perpetrator of bullying and subsequent sexual harassment perpetration among early adolescents in the literature. Homophobic teasing has been shown to be common among middle school youth and was tested as a moderator of the link between bullying and sexual harassment perpetration in this 2-year longitudinal study. More specifically, the present study tests the Bully–Sexual Violence Pathway theory, which posits that adolescent bullies who also participate in homophobic name-calling toward peers are more likely to perpetrate sexual harassment over time. Findings from logistical regression analyses ( n = 979, 5th-7th graders) reveal an association between bullying in early middle school and sexual harassment in later middle school, and results support the Bully–Sexual Violence Pathway model, with homophobic teasing as a moderator, for boys only. Results suggest that to prevent bully perpetration and its later association with sexual harassment perpetration, prevention programs should address the use of homophobic epithets.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is a link between the use of homophobic insults and committing bullying in early adolescence and sexual harassment years later.
“there is a link between the use of homophobic insults and committing bullying in early adolescence and sexual harassment years later (Espelage et al. 2015).”
From “It’s just a joke”: gender, sexuality and trivialisation in adolescent online violence such as cyberhate, cyberbullying, and online grooming (2025) · cites this paper as Espelage et al. 2015
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that boys who engaged in both bullying and homophobic teasing were more likely to report sexual harassment two years later. The claim omits the finding’s qualification: homophobic teasing moderated the bullying–sexual-harassment link for boys, but not girls. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Bullying Behaviors Among US Youth
Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M. D., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons‐Morton, B. G., & Scheidt, P. C. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.16.2094 · Cited by 3,805 · see citing works
A review of research on bullying and peer victimization in school: An ecological system analysis
Hong, J. S., & Espelage, D. L. (2012) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.03.003 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Psychology of Sexual Prejudice
Herek, G. M. (2000) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00051 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
(2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e540552010-001 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Examination of Peer–Group Contextual Effects on Aggression During Early Adolescence
Espelage, D. L., Holt, M. K., & Henkel, R. R. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00531 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Self-citationTjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2006) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e513832006-001 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
Bullying and Victimization During Early Adolescence
Espelage, D. L., & Holt, M. K. (2001) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v02n02_08 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Self-citationMethods for Handling Missing Data
Graham, J. A., Cumsille, P. E., & Elek, E. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0204 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Espelage, D. L., Aragon, S. R., Birkett, M., & Koenig, B. W. (2008) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2008.12087894 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictors of naturalistic sexual aggression.
Malamuth, N. M. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.50.5.953 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
The Role of Peers in the Emergence of Heterosexual Romantic Relationships in Adolescence
Connolly, J., Furman, W. C., & Konarski, R. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00235 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Pornography and Sexual Aggression: Are There Reliable Effects and Can We Understand Them?
Malamuth, N. M., Addison, T. L., & Koss, M. P. (2000) · Annual Review of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/10532528.2000.10559784 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
A developmental perspective on bullying
Pepler, D. J., Craig, W. M., Connolly, J. A., Yuile, A., McMaster, L., & Jiang, D. (2006) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20136 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Hostile Hallways: Bullying, Teasing, and Sexual Harassment in School
(2001) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2001.10603488 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Faris, R., & Felmlee, D. (2011) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122410396196 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Carlyle, K. E., & Steinman, K. J. (2007) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00242.x · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Sexual Violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements
Basile, K. C., & Saltzman, L. E. (2002) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e721362007-001 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Self-citationRobinson, J. P., & Espelage, D. L. (2011) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x11422112 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Self-citationGruber, J. E., & Fineran, S. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9431-5 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Bullying Perpetration and Subsequent Sexual Violence Perpetration Among Middle School Students
Espelage, D. L., Basile, K. C., & Hamburger, M. E. (2011) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.07.015 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Self-citationPredicting Psychosocial Consequences of Homophobic Victimization in Middle School Students
Poteat, V. P., & Espelage, D. L. (2007) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431606294839 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Self-citationSuicidal Ideation and School Bullying Experiences After Controlling for Depression and Delinquency
Espelage, D. L., & Holt, M. K. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.017 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationThe bullying of sexual minorities at school: Its nature and long-term correlates
Rivers, I. (2001) · Educational and Child Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2001.18.1.32 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Low, S. K., & Espelage, D. L. (2012) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0030308 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationPoteat, V. P., & Espelage, D. L. (2005) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vivi.2005.20.5.513 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationHolt, M. K., & Espelage, D. L. (2005) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2005.12086289 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citationIndicators of School Crime and Safety: 2011
Robers, S., Zhang, J., Truman, J. L., & Snyder, T. D. (2012) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e541412012-001 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Sexual Harassment in School: The Public Performance of Gendered Violence
Stein, N. (1995) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.65.2.7080h5t354300557 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Who bullies whom? Social status asymmetries by victim gender
Rodkin, P. C., & Berger, C. (2008) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025408093667 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Adolescent Sexual Aggression: Risk and Protective Factors
Borowsky, I. W., Hogan, M. J., & Ireland, M. (1997) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.100.6.e7 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Birkett, M., & Espelage, D. L. (2015) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12085 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationEspelage, D. L., Low, S. K., & Rue, L. D. L. (2012) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0027386 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationBasile, K. C., Black, M. C., Simon, T. R., Arias, I., Brener, N. D., & Saltzman, L. E. (2006) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.06.001 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopmental Trends in Peer Victimization and Emotional Distress in LGB and Heterosexual Youth
Robinson, J. P., Espelage, D. L., & Rivers, I. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2595 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationDating Violence, Bullying, and Sexual Harassment: Longitudinal Profiles and Transitions Over Time
Miller, S., Williams, J. G., Cutbush, S. L., Gibbs, D. A., Clinton-Sherrod, M., & Jones, S. B. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9914-8 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Bullying and Sexual Harassment Among Brazilian High School Students
DeSouza, E., & Ribeiro, J. (2005) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260505277731 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
The use of homophobic language across bullying roles during adolescence
Poteat, V. P., & Rivers, I. (2010) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2009.11.005 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Luengo, J., García, S., & Herrera, F. (2009) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2009.11.014 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Poteat, V. P., Kimmel, M. S., & Wilchins, R. A. (2010) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00682.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The theoretical and empirical links between bullying behavior and male sexual violence perpetration
Basile, K. C., Espelage, D. L., Rivers, I., McMahon, P. M., & Simon, T. R. (2009) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.06.001 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevention of sexual aggression: Sociocultural risk and protective factors.
Hall, G. C. N., & Barongan, C. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.52.1.5 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Handbook of Women, Stress and Trauma
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203955154 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Teenage Peer Sexual Harassment: Implications for Social Work Practice in Education
Fineran, S., & Bennett, L. W. (1998) · Social Work · doi:10.1093/sw/43.1.55 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Teasing Apart Secondary Students' Conceptualizations of Peer Teasing, Bullying and Sexual Harassment
Land, D. (2003) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034303024002002 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Bullying and Social Status During School Transitions
d’Escury-Koenigs, A. L. C., & Dudink, A. C. M. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203864968-19 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Basic Statistics for Social Research
Cramer, D. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203430897 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Roles of Dominance and Bullying in the Development of Early Heterosexual Relationships
Pellegrini, A. D. (2001) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v02n02_05 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Basic Statistics for Social Research: Step-by-Step Calculations & Computer Techniques Using Minitab
Cramer, D. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Poteat, V. P., & Espelage, D. L. (2005) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.2005.20.5.513 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationHanish, L. D., Sallquist, J., DiDonato, M. D., Fabes, R. A., & Martin, C. L. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027510 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Jensen, R. (1995) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801295001001003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Espelage, D. L., & Rue, L. D. L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5871-5_3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationUtilizing business, university, and community resources to target adolescent prescription drug abuse
Wade-Mdivanian, R., Anderson‐Butcher, D., Hale, K., Kwiek, N. C., Smock, J., Radigan, D., & Lineberger, J. (2012) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e542612012-006 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sexual Violence in the Lives of Girls and Women
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203955154-13 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 55 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Abreu, R. L., & Kenny, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-017-0175-7 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Sexual Abuse and Assault in a Large National Sample of Children and Adolescents
Gewirtz‐Meydan, A., & David Finkelhor, B. (2019) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559519873975 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Crooks, C. V., Jaffe, P. G., Dunlop, C., Kerry, A. J., & Exner‐Cortens, D. (2018) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801218815778 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Clinical trial of Second Step© middle-school program: Impact on aggression & victimization
Espelage, D. L., Low, S. K., Polanin, J. R., & Brown, E. C. (2015) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.11.007 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationKennedy, R. S. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101485 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Pornography and Sexual Aggression: Can Meta-Analysis Find a Link?
Ferguson, C. J., & Hartley, R. D. (2020) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020942754 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Espelage, D. L., Valido, A., Hatchel, T. J., Ingram, K. M., Huang, Y., & Torgal, C. (2018) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.003 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationKågesten, A., & van Reeuwijk, M. (2021) · Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters · doi:10.1080/26410397.2021.1996116 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Espelage, D. L., Basile, K. C., Leemis, R. W., Hipp, T. N., & Davis, J. P. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0827-4 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationDorio, N. B., Clark, K. N., Demaray, M. K., & Doll, E. M. (2019) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-019-00038-2 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Leemis, R. W., Espelage, D. L., Basile, K. C., Mercer Kollar, L. M., & Davis, J. P. (2019) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21808 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationEspelage, D. L., Hong, J. S., Merrin, G. J., Davis, J. P., Rose, C. A., & Little, T. D. (2018) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000083 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationEspelage, D. L. (2015) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2015.11.002 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationNorris, A. L., & Orchowski, L. M. (2019) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000260 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Trouble in Paradigm: “Gender Transformative” Programming in Violence Prevention
Brush, L. D., & Miller, E. P. (2019) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801219872551 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Doty, J. L., Gower, A. L., Rudi, J. H., McMorris, B. J., & Borowsky, I. W. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0698-0 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Gendered and Sexualized Bullying and Cyber Bullying
Mishna, F., Schwan, K., Birze, A., Wert, M. V., Lacombe‐Duncan, A., McInroy, L. B., & Attar‐Schwartz, S. (2018) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x18757150 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A Systematic Literature Review of Sexual Harassment Studies with Text Mining
Karami, A., Spinel, M. Y., White, C. N., Ford, K., & Swan, S. C. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13126589 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Niolon, P. H., Estefan, L. F., Le, V. D., Tracy, A. J., Latzman, N. E., Little, T. D., Lang, K. M., DeGue, S. A., & Tharp, A. T. (2019) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-019-01071-9 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Espelage, D. L., Ingram, K. M., Hong, J. S., & Merrin, G. J. (2021) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211043811 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent sexual aggressiveness and pornography use: A longitudinal assessment
Dawson, K., Tafro, A., & Štulhofer, A. (2019) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21854 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Gender Microaggressions as a Gateway to Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault
Gartner, R. E., & Sterzing, P. R. (2016) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/0886109916654732 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Do Sexual Minorities Face Greater Risk for Sexual Harassment, Ever and at School, in Adolescence?
Smith, D. M., Johns, N. E., & Raj, A. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520926315 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Bioecological Theory of Sexual Harassment of Girls: Research Synthesis and Proposed Model
Brown, C. S., Biefeld, S. D., & Elpers, N. L. (2020) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/1089268020954363 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Humphrey, T., & Vaillancourt, T. (2020) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01307-w · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Duncan, N. S., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., & Furman, W. C. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.016 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Dunn, H. K., Clark, M. A., & Pearlman, D. N. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515599658 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Cutbush, S. L., Williams, J. G., & Miller, S. (2016) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0668-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Leveraging school-based research to inform bullying prevention and policy.
Espelage, D. L. (2016) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000095 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationAmadori, A., Intra, F. S., Taverna, L., & Brighi, A. (2023) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-023-00198-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Adhia, A., Gordon, A. R., Roberts, A. L., Fitzmaurice, G. M., Hemenway, D., & Austin, S. B. (2019) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-18-00135 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Homophobic Verbal and Bullying Victimization: Overlap and Emotional Impact
Elipe, P., Espelage, D. L., & Rey, R. D. (2021) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-021-00613-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Co-evolution of Bullying Perpetration, Homophobic Teasing, and a School Friendship Network
Merrin, G. J., de la Haye, K., Espelage, D. L., Ewing, B. A., Tucker, J. S., Hoover, M., & Green, H. D. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0783-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationMiddle School Music Ensemble Participation, Homophobic Name-Calling, and Mental Health
Rawlings, J. R., & Espelage, D. L. (2019) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x19866071 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationAlbaladejo-Blázquez, N., Ferrer‐Cascales, R., Ruiz‐Robledillo, N., Sánchez‐SanSegundo, M., Fernández‐Alcántara, M., Delvecchio, E., & Arango‐Lasprilla, J. C. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16142622 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hong, J. S., Voisin, D. R., Cho, S., & Espelage, D. L. (2016) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0375-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationKhuzwayo, N., Taylor, M., & Connolly, C. (2018) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.2018.v108i6.12843 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Malti, T., McDonald, K. L., Rubin, K. H., Rose‐Krasnor, L., & Booth‐LaForce, C. (2015) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0039685 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Rolfe, S. M., & Schroeder, R. D. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517709802 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Downes, P., & Cefai, C. (2016) · Dublin City University Open Access Institutional Repository (Dublin City University) · doi:10.2766/0799 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mintz, S., Valido, A., Rivas‐Koehl, M., Kuehl, T., Espelage, D. L., Woolweaver, A. B., & Ingram, K. M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.05.021 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationValido, A., Rivas‐Koehl, M., Espelage, D. L., Robinson, L. E., Kuehl, T., Mintz, S., & Wyman, P. A. (2021) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-021-09453-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationJoseph, H. L., & Kuperminc, G. P. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101506 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Doty, J. L., Lynne‐Landsman, S. D., Metz, A. S., Yourell, J., & Espelage, D. L. (2020) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x20938416 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationSchool Bullying From the Perspectives of Middle School Principals
Ministry of National Education, Gızır, M. S. S., & Gızır, S. (2021) · International Journal of Progressive Education · doi:10.29329/ijpe.2021.329.19 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Norcott, C., Keenan, K., Wroblewski, K., Hipwell, A., & Stepp, S. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519845733 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Li, M. N., Zhou, X., Cao, W., & Tang, K. (2022) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12511 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Building Capacity to Reduce Bullying: Workshop Summary
Youth Board on Children, & Families (2014) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ey, L.-A., & Spears, B. A. (2020) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643944.2020.1788129 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Espelage, D. L., Liu, G. S., Valido, A., Kuehl, T., Basile, K. C., & Nickodem, K. K. (2022) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107146 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent experiences with online racial discrimination: Implications for prevention and coping
Liby, C., Doty, J. L., Mehari, K. R., Abbas, I., & Su, Y. (2023) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12875 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Inwards-Breland, D. J., Johns, N. E., & Raj, A. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.44266 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The relationship between temperament and sexual orientation
Guerim, L. D., de Carvalho, H. W., & Lara, D. R. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.029 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wyman, P. A., Cero, I., Espelage, D. L., Reif, T., Mintz, S., LoMurray, S., Nickodem, K., Schmeelk‐Cone, K., & Delgado, A. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2024.11.008 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationLivingston, J. A., Wang, W., Nickerson, A. B., & Testa, M. (2023) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02582-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bullying in youth sports environments
Kim, S., & Craig, W. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816336-8.00015-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Waterman, E. A., Banyard, V. L., Edwards, K. M., & Mauer, V. A. (2022) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22024 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Preadolescent Peer Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Literature Review
Tener, D., & Katz, C. (2019) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838019869103 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Li, Q., & Cheng, T. C. (2017) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.08.021 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sexual Violence against Children and Adolescents Taking Place in Schools: An Integrative Review
Pereira, C. D. O., Pimentel, R. M. M., Leitão, F. N. C., Moraes, S. D. T. D. A., Maia, P. C. G. G. S., Santos, E. V. D. L., de Freitas, M. N. R., Trigueiro, G. P., Filho, P. S. G., & de Abreu, L. C. (2020) · Children · doi:10.3390/children7120258 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bullying Perpetration and Homophobic Teasing: Mediation through Gender Role Attitudes
Gao, Y., Zhang, Z., Chen, B., & Wang, X. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9081127 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Espelage, D. L., Kuehl, T., Wyman, P. A., Nickodem, K., Mintz, S., Valido, A., Robinson, L. E., Merrin, G. J., Hoagland, K., Schmeelk‐Cone, K., et al. (2023) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2022.2164460 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationSahin-Ilkorkor, Z., & Brubaker, S. J. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15010061 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bullying homofóbico: Crenças e práticas de estudantes do Ensino Superior em Portugal
Neves, S., Borges, J. S., Silva, E., Vieira, C. P., & Sousa, A. N. (2019) · Psicologia · doi:10.17575/rpsicol.v33i2.1460 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Valik, A. K., Lunde, C., Skoog, T., & Gattario, K. H. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12921 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The influence of different longitudinal patterns of peer victimization on psychosocial adjustment
Felix, E. D., Binmoeller, C., Sharkey, J. D., Dowdy, E. T., Furlong, M. J., & Latham, N. (2018) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2018.1528552 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Espelage, D. L., Rulison, K. L., Ingram, K. M., Valido, A., Schmeelk‐Cone, K., & Wyman, P. A. (2021) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-021-01296-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationBailey, B. M., Heath, M. A., Jackson, A. P., Coyne, S. M., & Williams, M. S. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.08.005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sports Participation, Social Networks, and Sexual Violence Perpetration
Nickodem, K., Basile, K. C., Espelage, D. L., Leemis, R. W., Ingram, K. M., & Barbero, C. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221092067 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationEspelage, D. L., & Swearer, S. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13134-9_7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationHurtado‐Mellado, A., & Hidalgo, A. J. R. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14080729 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
El acoso escolar en educación secundaria: prevalencia y abordaje a través de un estudio de caso
Sánchez, I. M., Vallejo, E. I. G., & Martínez, R. G. (2019) · Comunitania Revista Internacional de Trabajo Social y Ciencias Sociales · doi:10.5944/comunitania.17.4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ray, C. M., Norris, A. L., Liu, G. S., Bogen, K. W., Pearlman, D. N., Reidy, D. E., Estefan, L. F., & Orchowski, L. M. (2022) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2022.2082907 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gendered Harassment in Adolescence
Brown, C. S., Biefeld, S. D., & Tam, M. J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13134-9_5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
DeGue, S. A., Ray, C. M., Bontempo, D. E., Niolon, P. H., Tracy, A. J., Estefan, L. F., Le, V. D., & Little, T. D. (2023) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-2022-0033 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms as a predictor of social difficulties in a gang-impacted context
Malamut, S. T., Mali, L. V., Schwartz, D., Hopmeyer, A., & Luo, T. J. (2017) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2017.04.002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dahlström, A., Dahlqvist, H. Z., & Gådin, K. G. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21989-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lawrence, T. I., Chen, L., & Kwok, O. (2025) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-025-10216-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Keyakinan yang mendukung tindak kekerasan perundungan berdasarkan perspektif perbedaan jenis kelamin
Borualogo, I. S., Kusdiyati, S., & Wahyudi, H. (2023) · Jurnal Psikologi Sosial · doi:10.7454/jps.2023.10 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Implicit gender-based violence against Black high school girls in South African township schools
Dlungwane, A. D., & Hamlall, V. (2024) · Perspectives in Education · doi:10.38140/pie.v42i1.7186 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Calvete, E., Fernández‐González, L., Echezarraga, A., Orue, I., Muga, J., & Longa, M. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520969234 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sexual Violence among Sexual and Gender Minorities
Beyer, M. S., Toumayan, A. C., & Hipp, T. N. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_215-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Educators’ interventions in gendered harassment: the importance of school culture
Meyer, E. J., Zabala‐Eisshofer, C., & Atteberry, A. (2025) · Teaching Education · doi:10.1080/10476210.2024.2442935 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
School Outness, Bias-Based Bullying, and Bias-Based Cyberbullying Across Europe
Sherwood, S. H., Amadori, A., Russell, S. T., & Ioverno, S. (2025) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14266 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
LGBTQ + Bullying and Cyberbullying Risk Profiles: Singular Victimization, Combined Perpetration
Muñoz‐Fernández, N., Rey, R. D., & Elipe, P. (2025) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-025-01141-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sexual Violence among Sexual and Gender Minorities
Beyer, M. S., Toumayan, A. C., & Hipp, T. N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89999-2_215 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Protective factors for multiple forms of interpersonal violence experienced by adolescent Latinas.
Robinson, L. E., Valido, A., Rivas‐Koehl, M., Espelage, D. L., Aguilar, T., & Wyman, P. A. (2024) · Journal of Latinx Psychology · doi:10.1037/lat0000249 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, D., Wang, D., He, Z., Yuan, S., Zhu, D., & Liu, H. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04204-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Qualitative Investigation of Gang Presence and Sexual Harassment in a Middle School
Forber‐Pratt, A. J., & Espelage, D. L. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-1012-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationDlungwane, A. D. (2017) · doi:10.51415/10321/2509 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Manges, M. E., Nickerson, A. B., Livingston, J. A., Reynolds, A. L., & Bellavia, G. M. (2025) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2025.2491808 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cho, S. (2021) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2021.1899935 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Thoughts on education, reproduction, and sexual function. Futures directions and obstacles
Lawson, A. K. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822288-1.00002-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sexual Violence in Public Schools in the United States
Kethineni, S. R., Moeyaert, M., Shanker, K., & Sundaravadivelu, D. (2024) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2024.2309560 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Prevention of Sex-Based Harassment in K–12 Schools
Cunningham, N., & Sowell, S. M. (2021) · Professional School Counseling · doi:10.1177/2156759x211018658 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Espelage, D. L., Harper, C. R., Ingram, K. M., Basile, K. C., Leemis, R. W., & Nickodem, K. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12823 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiple Oppression and Tackling Stigma Through Sport
Forber‐Pratt, A. J. (2018) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-47901-3_3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Youth exposure to gender-based violence
Garthe, R. C., Rieger, A., Kim, S., & Velazquez, E. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00087-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reneses, M., Riberas-Gutiérrez, M., & Bueno-Guerra, N. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04928-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Indeed, there is a link between the use of homophobic insults and committing bullying in early adolescence and sexual harassment years later (Espelage et al. 2015).”
Gattario, K. H., Valik, A. K., Lunde, C., Skoog, T., & Jaf, D. (2025) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70079 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Espelage, D. L., Basile, K. C., De La Rue, L., & Hamburger, M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, IL, USA
- Venue
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-10-13
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 2541-2561
- ISSN
- 0886-2605 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6518
- PMC
- PMC4699677
- OpenAlex
- W2142713933
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 11.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- American Association of University Women
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1U01/CE001677, U01CE001677)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Keywords
- bullying perpetration, junior high school students, early adolescents, bullying prevention, boys
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Schools, Sex Offenses, Students, Sexual Harassment, Bullying, Homophobia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
