Cyberbullying and LGBTQ youth: A systematic literature review and recommendations for prevention and intervention
Open accessAbstract
Research has demonstrated that cyberbullying has adverse physical and mental health consequences for youths. Unfortunately, most studies have focused on heterosexual and cisgender individuals. The scant available research on sexual minority and gender expansive youth (i.e., LGBTQ) shows that this group is at a higher risk for cyberbullying when compared to their heterosexual counterparts. However, to date no literature review has comprehensively explored the effects of cyberbullying on LGBTQ youth. A systematic review resulted in 27 empirical studies that explore the effects of cyberbullying on LGBTQ youth. Findings revealed that the percentage of cyberbullying among LGBTQ youth ranges between 10.5% and 71.3% across studies. Common negative effects of cyberbullying of LGBTQ youth include psychological and emotional (suicidal ideation and attempt, depression, lower self-esteem), behavioral (physical aggression, body image, isolation), and academic performance (lower GPAs). Recommendations and interventions for students, schools, and parents are discussed.
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Many TGD individuals have experienced cyberbullying due to a lack of societal acceptance of their gender minority status.
“many TGD individuals have experienced cyberbullying due to a lack of societal acceptance of their gender minority status [2,3].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
The Prevalence section reports cyberbullying among transgender and other gender-expansive youth and harassment of LGBT participants for their gender identity or expression. It does not establish that a lack of societal acceptance caused the cyberbullying, and its evidence concerns youth rather than TGD individuals generally. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe vast majority of current research into cyberbullying is limited to predominantly adolescent populations.
“the vast majority of current research into cyberbullying is limited to predominantly adolescent populations [2,3]”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
The Search Strategy says all studies found on LGBTQ cyberbullying involved adolescents, and Studies and Participants’ Diversity reports that 22 of the 27 reviewed studies involved secondary-age students (page numbers unavailable). This supports the claim for research on LGBTQ cyberbullying, but the review does not establish that the vast majority of cyberbullying research overall focuses on adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLittle is presently known about the lived cyberbullying experiences of TGD adults.
“However, little is presently known about the lived cyberbullying experiences of TGD adults despite the prevalence of cyberbullying experienced by the TGD community.”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
The Gaps and Recommendations section says transgender and other gender-expansive people’s cyberbullying experiences are often conflated with sexual identity or ignored, and calls for further research. But it discusses students and youth, not the lived experiences of TGD adults. The prevalence figures in the Sexual Identity section likewise concern youth, so the claim’s extension to adults is not supported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTransgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals are significantly more likely to experience cyberbullying.
“Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals are significantly more likely to experience cyberbullying.”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
The Prevalence section (page unavailable) reports higher cyberbullying levels among transgender youth and youth with other genders than among cisgender gay and bisexual males. The claim extends this youth-specific comparison to TGD individuals generally and calls the difference statistically significant, which the cited passage does not establish. The Gaps and Recommendations section also cautions that transgender participants were often represented by small samples. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLGBT youth are less likely to report cyberbullying experiences for fear of exposure of their LGBT status and possible discrimination from authorities.
“LGBT youth are also less likely to report cyberbullying experiences for fear of the exposure of their LGBT status and possible discrimination from authorities [3].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
The Prevalence section (page unavailable) reports that LGBT youth often do not report cyberbullying and that some fear exposing their sexual or gender identities. It discusses distrust of school personnel’s confidentiality and harassment by personnel in relation to bullying more generally, but does not establish fear of discrimination from authorities as a reason for not reporting cyberbullying. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
This quantitative research is externally driven and lacks insight into the lived experiences of TGD individuals.
“but this research is externally driven and lacks insight into the lived experiences of TGD individuals [3].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In Gaps and Recommendations (page unavailable), the review says transgender and gender-expansive people's experiences are conflated with sexual identity or ignored in most studies, supporting the concern that this research lacks insight into their experiences. Methodological Concerns (page unavailable) describes researchers' assessment measures, but does not establish that the research was externally driven. The review also addresses cyberbullying research on LGBTQ youth, not research on TGD individuals generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredParticipants frequently reported that cyberbullying perpetrators were anonymous or strangers, unlike findings from cisgender populations but consistent with previous LGBT adolescent studies.
“Unlike findings from cisgender populations, but consistent with previous LGBT adolescent studies [3], participants frequently reported that cyberbullying perpetrators were anonymous or strangers.”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
The Prevalence section (page unavailable) reports that sexual-minority and gender-expansive youth were more exposed to anonymous forms of cyberbullying than heterosexual youth. It does not establish that perpetrators were frequently strangers, or that participants frequently reported anonymous perpetrators. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTGD individuals are often included under a broad category of LGBTQIA+ in cyberbullying research.
“TGD individuals are often included under a broad category of LGBTQIA+, and the vast majority of current research into cyberbullying is limited to predominantly adolescent populations [2,3]”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Most cyberbullying research that includes TGD individuals is focused on LGBT adolescents rather than on the wider LGBTQIA+ community or TGD individuals specifically.
“Most cyberbullying research that includes TGD individuals is focused on LGBT adolescents rather than on the wider LGBTQIA+ community or TGD individuals specifically [3,22,23,24].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Quantitative research suggests TGD experiences of cyberbullying differ from those of cisgender LGB and heterosexual individuals.
“Quantitative research suggests TGD experiences of cyberbullying differ from those of cisgender LGB and heterosexual individuals”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
LGBT youth are more likely to experience anonymous forms of cyberbullying than their non-LGBT peers.
“LGBT youth are more likely to experience anonymous forms of cyberbullying than their non-LGBT peers”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
LGBT adolescents are disproportionally more likely to be victims of cyberbullying than their heterosexual and cisgender peers.
“LGBT adolescents are disproportionally more likely to be victims of cyberbullying than their heterosexual and cisgender peers [3,22,23]”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
For non-LGBT peers, cyberbullying is frequently an extension of in-person bullying and perpetrated by peers.
“for whom cyberbullying is frequently an extension of in-person bullying and perpetrated by peers [3].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
The Sexual Identity section reports rates of cyberbullying and combined school and cyberbullying among heterosexual and sexual-minority youth, but does not say that cyberbullying of non-LGBT youth is frequently an extension of in-person bullying. Searches for that relationship and for peer perpetrators found no passage addressing either part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Abreu, R. L., & Kenny, M. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Florida International University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Abreu, Roberto L.
- Venue
- Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma
- Published
- 2017-07-24
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 81-97
- ISSN
- 1936-1521 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-153X
- PMC
- PMC7163911
- OpenAlex
- W2738228133
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, LGBTQ youth, sexual minority youth, gender expansive youth, prevalence of cyberbullying, psychological effects of cyberbullying, suicidal ideation, depression, self-esteem, academic performance, bullying prevention, school-based intervention, parental involvement
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