The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cognitive Decline and Literacy Among Ethnically Diverse Elders
Open accessAbstract
Researchers on genetic and environmental influences on risk for Alzheimer’s disease must be prepared for the growing ethnic and racial diversity of our participants. Within the investigation, years of education has typically served as a proxy for cognitive reserve, which may be one factor in influencing risk of cognitive decline among aging people. However, among ethnic minorities, years of education is a poor reflection of the value of educational experience and native ability. This study was conducted among 1002 ethnically diverse English-speaking residents of Northern Manhattan who were cognitively and functionally normal at a baseline evaluation. We found that literacy level was a better predictor of decline in memory, executive function, and language skills than was years of education. The results of this study suggest that in an ethnically diverse cohort, literacy level should be considered as a mediator of the interactions of biological and environmental factors on cognitive decline.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules
Morris, J. C. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.11.2412-a · Cited by 9,882
Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease
Stern, Y. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510370056032 · Cited by 1,434
Self-citationPredictors of cognitive change in older persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging.
Albert, M. S., Jones, K., Savage, C. R., Berkman, L., Seeman, T., Blazer, D., & Rowe, J. W. (1995) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.10.4.578 · Cited by 543
Acculturation, reading level, and neuropsychological test performance among African American elders
Manly, J. J., Byrd, D. A., Touradji, P., & Stern, Y. (2004) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15324826an1101_5 · Cited by 254
Self-citationEffect of literacy on neuropsychological test performance in nondemented, education-matched elders
MANLY, J. J., JACOBS, D. M., SANO, M., BELL, K., MERCHANT, C. A., SMALL, S. A., & STERN, Y. (1999) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561779953302x · Cited by 250
Self-citation
Cited by
Stern, Y. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004 · Cited by 2,943
Self-citationThe elusive nature of executive functions: a review of our current understanding.
Jurado, M. B., & Rosselli, M. (2007) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9040-z · Cited by 1,684
Cognitive Reserve and Alzheimer Disease
Stern, Y. (2006) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/01.wad.0000213815.20177.19 · Cited by 838
Self-citationPlassman, B. L., Williams, J. W., Burke, J. R., Holsinger, T., & Benjamin, S. (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00258 · Cited by 681
M. Tucker, A., & Stern, Y. (2011) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720511795745320 · Cited by 561
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Manly, J. J., Schupf, N., Tang, M.-X., & Stern, Y.
- Venue
- Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 213-217
- ISSN
- 0891-9887 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5708
- OpenAlex
- W2098460906
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 5.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Cognitive Decline and Literacy Among Ethnically Diverse Elders. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/0891988705281868
- The paper
- Manly, J. J., Schupf, N., Tang, M.-X., & Stern, Y. (2005). Cognitive Decline and Literacy Among Ethnically Diverse Elders. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988705281868
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
