Cognitive reserve
Open accessAbstract
The concept of reserve has been proposed to account for the disjunction between the degree of brain damage and its clinical outcome. This paper attempts to produce a coherent theoretical account the reserve in general and of cognitive reserve in particular. It reviews epidemiologic data supporting the concept of cognitive reserve, with a particular focus of its implications for aging and dementia. It then focuses on methodologic issues that are important when attempting to elucidate the neural underpinnings of cognitive reserve using imaging studies, and reviews some of our group's work in order to demonstrate these issues.
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Cognitive reserve involves the brain actively coping with damage by using pre-existing cognitive processing approaches or enlisting compensatory approaches.
“In contrast, the concept of CR suggests that the brain actively attempts to cope with brain damage by using pre-existing cognitive processing approaches or by enlisting compensatory approaches15, 16.”
From Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease (2012) · cites this paper as [16]
The neural implementation of cognitive reserve might take two forms: neural reserve and neural compensation.
“The neural implementation of CR might take two forms: neural reserve and neural compensation16, 38.”
From Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease (2012) · cites this paper as [16]
Individual differences in cognitive reserve are determined by factors such as early-life general cognitive ability/intelligence, education level, occupation complexity, physical exercise, social engagement, and ongoing cognitive engagement.
“Individual differences in cognitive reserve are determined by such factors as early-life general cognitive ability/intelligence, education level, occupation complexity, physical exercise, social engagement, and ongoing cognitive engagement126.”
From Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life (2019) · cites this paper as [126]
Reserve can be built through a range of experiences across the lifespan, such as educational level, occupational complexity, and social and cognitive activity.
“Reserve can be built through a range of experiences across the lifespan, such as educational level, occupational complexity, and social and cognitive activity (Stern, 2009).”
From Living alone and cognitive function in later life (2019) · cites this paper as Stern, 2009
These differences are linked to the ability to recruit protective mechanisms associated with cognitive abilities built up over the lifespan and to compensate for damage caused by pathology.
“These differences are linked to the ability of an individual to recruit protective mechanisms associated with cognitive abilities built up over the lifespan, and actively compensate for damage caused by pathology [10].”
From Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
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Research works printed but not linked: 7
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- Authors
- Stern, Y.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stern, Yaakov
- ORCID
- Stern, Yaakov
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2015-2028
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2739591
- OpenAlex
- W4251404648
- Cited by
- 2,943
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 236 · 2025: 241 · 2024: 211 · 2023: 211 · 2022: 199 · 2021: 253 · 2020: 217 · 2019: 227 · 2018: 166 · 2017: 170 · 2016: 150 · 2015: 131 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 132 · 2012: 120
- FWCI
- 56.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG026158, R01-AG26158)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- cognitive reserve, brain reserve, dementia, aging, neuroimaging methodology
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Young Adult
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