Pharmacists Who Screen and Discuss Opioid Misuse With Patients: Future Directions for Research and Practice
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prescription opioid (PO) abuse has reached epidemic proportions in the United States, and pharmacies are locations from which these medications are often diverted. This study identifies factors associated with pharmacists who currently screen and discuss PO misuse with patients. METHODS: A secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional Web-based survey that was sent to pharmacists was conducted. The survey contained items that assessed whether pharmacists currently screened and discussed PO misuse with patients along with pharmacists' attitudes and beliefs toward providing brief interventions. Multivariable models were developed which identified factors associated with pharmacists' currently screening and discussing misuse. RESULTS: Chain setting pharmacists (odds ratio [OR] = 6.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-32.72) and pharmacists interested in being directly involved in PO screening and brief intervention research projects (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.35-3.15) were most likely to report current screening. Pharmacists who reported currently screening for misuse (OR = 4.27, 95% CI = 2.83-6.45) and who reported wanting to help patients who misuse POs (OR = 3.03, 95% CI = 1.50-6.15) were most likely to currently discuss abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Investigators implementing pharmacy-based screening and brief intervention studies for POs should take into account practice location and pharmacists' interest in addressing PO issues.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Better training of pharmacists to detect and discuss drug misuse with patients is included in collaborative efforts.
“This includes better training of pharmacists to detect and discuss drug misuse with patients (193).”
From A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health (2019) · cites this paper as [193]
Cites
Bertholet, N. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.9.986 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Model‐Building Strategies and Methods for Logistic Regression
Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. A. (2000) · doi:10.1002/0471722146.ch4 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Brief motivational intervention at a clinic visit reduces cocaine and heroin use
Bernstein, J., Bernstein, E., Tassiopoulos, K., Heeren, T., Levenson, S., & Hingson, R. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.07.006 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Prescription Drug Diversion Among Drug-Involved Club- and Street-Based Populations
Inciardi, J. A., Surratt, H. L., Kurtz, S. P., & Cicero, T. J. (2007) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00255.x · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Havard, A., Shakeshaft, A., & Sanson‐Fisher, R. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02072.x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Beich, A., Thorsen, T., & Rollnick, S. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.536 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Humeniuk, R., Ali, R., Babor, T., Souza‐Formigoni, M. L. O., de Lacerda, R. B., Ling, W., McRee, B., Newcombe, D., Pal, H., Poznyak, V., et al. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03740.x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
A systematic review of emergency care brief alcohol interventions for injury patients.
Nilsen, P., Baird, J., Mello, M. J., Nirenberg, T., Woolard, R., Bendtsen, P., & Longabaugh, R. (2008) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2007.09.008 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Substance misuse treatment for high-risk chronic pain patients on opioid therapy: A randomized trial
Jamison, R. N., Ross, E. L., Michna, E., Chen, L. Q., Holcomb, C., & Wasan, A. D. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.033 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Multiple Determinants of Specific Modes of Prescription Opioid Diversion
Cicero, T. J., Kurtz, S. P., Surratt, H. L., Ibañez, G. E., Ellis, M. S., Levi‐Minzi, M. A., & Inciardi, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204261104100207 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Heather, N., Bowie, A., Ashton, H., McAvoy, B., Spencer, I., Brodie, J., & Giddings, D. (2004) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/1606635310001634528 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
O’Reilly, C. L., Bell, J. S., & Chen, T. F. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.512864 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Zahradnik, A. G., Otto, C., Crackau, B., Löhrmann, I., Bischof, G., John, U., & Rumpf, H. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02421.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Community pharmacy service users' views and perceptions of alcohol screening and brief intervention
Dhital, R., Whittlesea, C., Norman, I. J., & MILLIGAN, P. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00234.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Cochran, G., Field, C. A., Lawson, K. A., & Erickson, C. K. (2013) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/jphs.12013 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationMethodological Issues in Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention Research
Kypri, K. (2007) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1300/j465v28n03_04 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sheridan, J. L., Wheeler, A., CHEN, L. J., HUANG, A. C., LEUNG, I. N., & TIEN, K. Y. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230802093760 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, N., Watson, H. E., McCaig, D. J., & Stewart, D. C. (2009) · Pharmacy World & Science · doi:10.1007/s11096-009-9284-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Task allocation in cancer medication management – Integrating the pharmacist
Reineking, N., Krolop, L., Ringsdorf, S., Meier, K., Ko, Y., Kuhn, W. C., Schwalbe, O., & Jaehde, U. (2011) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.03.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dolan, S. M., Cox, S. N., Tepper, N. K., Ruddy, D., Rasmussen, S. A., & MacFarlane, K. F. (2012) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1331/japha.2012.10141 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Pharmacists as Care Providers: Personal Attributes of Recent Pharmacy Graduates
Droege, M., & Assa-Eley, M. T. (2005) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/aj690344 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pharmacists’ perceptions of computerized prescriber-order-entry systems
Inquilla, C. C., Szeinbach, S. L., Seoane-Vazquez, E. C., & Kappeler, K. H. (2007) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.2146/ajhp060236 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Survey of health-system pharmacy leadership pathways
Pollard, S. R., & Clark, J. S. (2009) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.2146/ajhp080186 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Parrish, D. E., von Sternberg, K. L., Velasquez, M. M., Cochran, J., Sampson, M., & Mullen, P. D. (2011) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-011-0848-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Brief Intervention and Social Work: A Primer for Practice and Policy
Cochran, G., & Field, C. A. (2013) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2013.759016 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationPinneke, S. (2010) · Hospital Pharmacy · doi:10.1310/hpj4507-549 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nonmedical use of pain relievers in substate regions: 2004 to 2006
(2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e459612008-001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bach, P., & Hartung, D. M. (2019) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-019-0158-0 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Pharmacists’ Role in Opioid Safety: A Focus Group Investigation
Hartung, D. M., Hall, J., Haverly, S. N., Cameron, D., Alley, L., Hildebran, C., O’Kane, N., & Cohen, D. J. (2017) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnx139 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Optimizing opioid prescribing and pain treatment for surgery: Review and conceptual framework
Bicket, M. C., Brat, G. A., Hutfless, S. M., Wu, C. L., Nesbit, S. A., & Alexander, G. C. (2019) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxz146 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Bachyrycz, A. M., Shrestha, S., Bleske, B. E., Tinker, D., & Bakhireva, L. N. (2016) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2016.1184739 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Meyerson, B. E., Agley, J. D., Jayawardene, W. P., Eldridge, L. A., Arora, P., Smith, C., Vadiei, N., Kennedy, A., & Moehling, T. J. (2019) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.08.026 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health
Wiss, D. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00193 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Prescription opioid use: Patient characteristics and misuse in community pharmacy
Cochran, G., Bacci, J. L., Ylioja, T. E., Hruschak, V., Miller, S., Seybert, A. L., & Tarter, R. E. (2016) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2016.02.012 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors Associated With Provision of Addiction Treatment Information by Community Pharmacists
Hagemeier, N. E., Alamian, A., Murawski, M. M., & Pack, R. P. (2014) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.11.006 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hagemeier, N. E., Tudiver, F. G., Brewster, S., Hagy, E. J., Hagaman, A. M., & Pack, R. P. (2015) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.12.008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hagemeier, N. E., Tudiver, F. G., Brewster, S., Hagy, E. J., Ratliff, B., Hagaman, A. M., & Pack, R. P. (2017) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2017.1365803 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pharmacy: Addressing Substance Use in the 21St Century
Bratberg, J. P. (2019) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1694618 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A community pharmacy intervention for opioid medication misuse: A pilot randomized clinical trial
Cochran, G., Field, C. A., Karp, J. F., Seybert, A. L., Chen, Q., Ringwald, W. R., Hruschak, V., Chickering, S., Kincman, J., Merranko, A. J., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2018.03.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationHoppe, D., Ristevski, E., & Khalil, H. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.13100 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cochran, G., Engel, R. J., Hruschak, V., & Tarter, R. E. (2016) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/0897190016656673 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationVadiei, N., Eldridge, L. A., Meyerson, B. E., & Agley, J. D. (2021) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2021.1941516 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Prescription opioid abuse: pharmacists’ perspective and response
Cochran, G., Hruschak, V., DeFosse, B., & Hohmeier, K. C. (2016) · Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice · doi:10.2147/iprp.s99539 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationSalwan, A., Hagemeier, N. E., Tudiver, F. G., Dowling-McClay, K., Foster, K. N., Arnold, J., Alamian, A., & Pack, R. P. (2020) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2020.06.008 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Weaver, L., Palombi, L. C., & Bastianelli, K. (2017) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/0897190017702304 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Community pharmacist-provided opioid intervention frequencies and barriers
Nichols, M. A., Kepley, K. L., Rosko, K. S., Hudmon, K. S., Curran, G. M., Ott, C. A., Snyder, M. E., & Miller, M. L. (2022) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2022.10.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cochran, G., Hruschak, V., Bacci, J. L., Hohmeier, K. C., & Tarter, R. E. (2016) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.11.005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationBratberg, J. P., McLaughlin, B., & Brewster, S. (2015) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1331/japha.2015.15535 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A scoping literature review of pharmacy-based opioid misuse screening and brief interventions
Rao, D., Mercy, M., McAtee, C., Ford, J. H., & Shiyanbola, O. O. (2023) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.05.003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Alvin, M., Picco, L., Wood, P., Mnatzaganian, G., & Nielsen, S. (2020) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-020-01152-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Abuse-Deterrent Opioid Formulations and the Opioid Crisis: A Pharmacist's Perspective
Gadd, S., Cox, N., Samuelson, J., Kenney, A., Turner, K. M., & Cochran, G. (2020) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0000000000000844 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationHruschak, V., Hildenbrand, A. K., & Cochran, G. (2019) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1621238 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationKenney, A., Cox, N., Bryan, M. A., & Cochran, G. (2021) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxaa389 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationLinks Between Perceptions and Practices in Patient Education: A Systematic Review
Roussel, S., & Frenay, M. (2019) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198119868273 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Guo, L., Si, R., Chalmers, L., Filippin, P., Carpenter, J., & Czarniak, P. (2022) · Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100122 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Engaging community pharmacies in practice-based research: Lessons from opioid-focused research
Cox, N., Hohmeier, K. C., Cernasev, A., Field, C. A., Elliott, S., LaFleur, G. E., Barland, K. M., Green, M. J., Gardner, J. W., Gordon, A. J., et al. (2024) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.01.008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationRao, D., McAtee, C., Mercy, M., Shiyanbola, O. O., & Ford, J. H. (2023) · Substance Use & Addiction Journal · doi:10.1177/29767342231211428 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nowak, J., Hughes, T. D., Sottung, E., & Ferreri, S. P. (2025) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2025.102425 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rauschert, C., Seitz, N., Olderbak, S. G., Pogarell, O. M., Dreischulte, T., & Kraus, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.918371 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dowling-McClay, K., Mospan, C. M., Subedi, P., & Hagemeier, N. E. (2018) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe6767 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pharmaceutical practices before and throughout the opioid crisis: A scoping review
Samaha, N.-T., Vanier, M., & David, P. (2020) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2020.03.026 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Colvard, M. D., Jorgenson, T. L., Alliu, V., Moore, T. D., Pals, H. E., Baylis, J. D., Tran, M. H., Sabol, R. M., & Gordon, A. J. (2026) · Substance Use & Addiction Journal · doi:10.1177/29767342261467580 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cochran, G., Brown, J. L., Yu, Z., Gordon, A. J., Frede, S. M., Hardy, C. J., Castora‐Binkley, M., Homsted, F. A. E., Marsch, L. A., Holtyn, A. F., et al. (2024) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-024-00514-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationCONSIDER New Mexico: Effects of naloxone training among pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
Cruz, T. H., Bachyrycz, A. M., Rodriguez, D. E., Ma, X., Roberts, M. H., Chambers, S., Rafi, J. A., Sanchez, A., & Bakhireva, L. N. (2021) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2021.12.012
Evaluation of pharmacists’ opioid dispensing practices: a cross-sectional study from Pakistan
Arshad, H., Gillani, A. H., Arshed, M., & Fang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/20523211.2025.2557874
- Authors
- Cochran, G., Field, C., & Lawson, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cochran, Gerald
- Venue
- Journal of Pharmacy Practice
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-02-13
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 404-412
- ISSN
- 0897-1900 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-1937
- OpenAlex
- W2167616852
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Pharmacy Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacy and Medical Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- prescription opioid misuse, opioid screening, screening and brief intervention, pharmacist attitudes, community pharmacy, pharmacy chains, pharmacy-based intervention, opioid abuse
- MeSH terms
- Analgesics, Opioid, Attitude of Health Personnel, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Opioid-Related Disorders, Pharmaceutical Services, Pharmacists, United States, Multivariate Analysis, Health Care Surveys, Professional Role, Prescription Drug Misuse
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
