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Sticky Thoughts: Depression and Rumination Are Associated With Difficulties Manipulating Emotional Material in Working Memory
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive inflexibility may play an important role in rumination, a risk factor for the onset and maintenance of depressive episodes. In the study reported here, we assessed participants’ ability to either reverse or maintain in working memory the order of three emotion or three neutral words. Differences (or sorting costs) between response latencies in backward trials, on which participants were asked to reverse the order of the words, and forward trials, on which participants were asked to remember the words in the order in which they were presented, were calculated. Compared with control participants, depressed participants had higher sorting costs, particularly when presented with negative words. It is important to note that rumination predicted sorting costs for negative words but not for positive or neutral words in the depressed group. These findings indicate that depression and rumination are associated with deficits in cognitive control.
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“Depressed individuals, particularly those who ruminate, have “sticky thoughts” and problems with updating the contents of working memory and task switching such that prior goal states exert a stronger influence on on-going mental processes than normal.237,238”
From The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance (2014) · cites this paper as [237]
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“Top-down dysregulation of limbic structures may mediate affective symptoms and altered decision-making seen in mood disorders44-46.”
From Dysregulation of adult hippocampal neuroplasticity in major depression: Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications (2022) · cites this paper as [45]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Joormann, J., Levens, S. M., & Gotlib, I. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-07-08
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 979-983
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC11862919
- OpenAlex
- W2129907267
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 12.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH59259, R01MH059259)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- rumination, cognitive inflexibility, depression, working memory, cognitive control, emotional words, negative words, response latency
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Cognition, Major Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reaction Time, Thinking, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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