Cited by 209Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesIdentity, Memory, and Therapy

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Sticky Thoughts: Depression and Rumination Are Associated With Difficulties Manipulating Emotional Material in Working Memory

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Joormann, Jutta, Levens, Sara M., Gotlib, Ian H.·2011·Psychological Science

DOI 10.1177/0956797611415539PMC PMC11862919

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Abstract

Cognitive inflexibility may play an important role in rumination, a risk factor for the onset and maintenance of depressive episodes. In the study reported here, we assessed participants’ ability to either reverse or maintain in working memory the order of three emotion or three neutral words. Differences (or sorting costs) between response latencies in backward trials, on which participants were asked to reverse the order of the words, and forward trials, on which participants were asked to remember the words in the order in which they were presented, were calculated. Compared with control participants, depressed participants had higher sorting costs, particularly when presented with negative words. It is important to note that rumination predicted sorting costs for negative words but not for positive or neutral words in the depressed group. These findings indicate that depression and rumination are associated with deficits in cognitive control.

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Authors: Joormann, J., Levens, S. M., & Gotlib, I. H.
Affiliations: University of Miami (US)
Stanford University (US)
ORCID: Joormann, Jutta
Levens, Sara M.
Gotlib, Ian H.
Venue: Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2011-07-08
Volume: 22
Issue: 8
Pages: 979-983
ISSN: 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
1467-9280
DOI: 10.1177/0956797611415539
PMC: PMC11862919
OpenAlex: W2129907267
Cited by: 209
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 12.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH59259, R01MH059259)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Keywords: rumination, cognitive inflexibility, depression, working memory, cognitive control, emotional words, negative words, response latency
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Cognition, Major Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reaction Time, Thinking, Case-Control Studies

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Sticky Thoughts: Depression and Rumination Are Associated With Difficulties Manipulating Emotional Material in Working Memory

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