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Creativity and Memory: Effects of an Episodic-Specificity Induction on Divergent Thinking
Open accessAbstract
People produce more episodic details when imagining future events and solving means-end problems after receiving an episodic-specificity induction—brief training in recollecting details of a recent event—than after receiving a control induction not focused on episodic retrieval. Here we show for the first time that an episodic-specificity induction also enhances divergent creative thinking. In Experiment 1, participants exhibited a selective boost on a divergent-thinking task (generating unusual uses of common objects) after a specificity induction compared with a control induction; by contrast, performance following the two inductions was similar on an object association task thought to involve little divergent thinking. In Experiment 2, we replicated the specificity-induction effect on divergent thinking using a different control induction, and also found that participants performed similarly on a convergent-thinking task following the two inductions. These experiments provide novel evidence that episodic memory is involved in divergent creative thinking.
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“With respect to divergent thinking, ESI increases the production of both old ideas from memory (e.g., novel uses of an object based on remembering a past experience involving that use) and new ideas from imagination generated for the first time during study”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“without affecting performance on nonepisodic tasks like typical semantic associates (Madore et al. 2015(Madore et al. , 2016a) ) and convergent creative riddles (Madore et al. 2015).”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“That is, an episodic retrieval manipulation increased not only the retrieval of old ideas but the production of new ideas that were not associated with any one particular past experience, as in our previous induction-related behavioral work (Madore et al. 2015(Madore et al. , 2016a)).”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Critically, administering the specificity induction increased the number of appropriate uses that participants generated on a subsequent alternate uses task, and also increased episodic details on a future simulation task [72].”
From Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics (2016) · cites this paper as [72]
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In the citing paper
“Kernels of evidence suggest that neural processes supporting episodic memory-the retrieval of particular elements of prior experiences-may also be involved in divergent thinking, but such processes have typically been characterized as not very relevant for, or even a hindrance to, creative output.”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“a cognitive manipulation that facilitates episodic retrieval enhances the generation of ideas on divergent thinking tasks (Madore et al. 2015(Madore et al. , 2016a));”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
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In the citing paper
“To this end, previous behavioral work has indicated that ESI, compared with various control inductions that do not target episodic retrieval, improves subsequent performance on tasks that involve the retrieval and reconstruction of episodic details, such as episodic remembering and imagining (Madore et al. 2014), means-end problem solving (Madore and Schacter 2014) and divergent thinking (Madore”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
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“The ESI effect has likewise been exhibited for typical generative divergent thinking measures (Guilford et al. 1960) that include total responses that are deemed feasible or appropriate in everyday life and that fit under distinct and flexible categories (Madore et al. 2015(Madore et al. , 2016a)).”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
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“Both the AUT and OAT involve assembling, integrating, and generating information in response to an object cue, but the AUT involves divergent thinking and episodic imagery (Madore et al. 2015(Madore et al. , 2016a;;Addis et al. 2016).”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
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In the citing paper
“This pattern of induction-related findings replicates and extends behavioral studies of divergent thinking (Madore et al. 2015(Madore et al. , 2016a)), and indicates for the first time that the ESI manipulation selectively affected divergent thinking performance in an fMRI setting but did not affect performance on an object control task.”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
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Citations
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Madore, K. P., Addis, D. R., & Schacter, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Madore, Kevin P.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-07-23
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1461-1468
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC4567456
- OpenAlex
- W1827753710
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 30.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag008441-30)
- National Institute on Aging (R01-AG008441, AG 08441, R37AG008441)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 060941, R01MH060941)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- creativity, episodic memory, divergent thinking, episodic memory retrieval, convergent thinking, object association
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Creativity, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Thinking, Young Adult, Memory, Episodic
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