Creativity and Memory: Effects of an Episodic-Specificity Induction on Divergent Thinking
Open accessAbstract
People produce more episodic details when imagining future events and solving means-end problems after receiving an episodic-specificity induction—brief training in recollecting details of a recent event—than after receiving a control induction not focused on episodic retrieval. Here we show for the first time that an episodic-specificity induction also enhances divergent creative thinking. In Experiment 1, participants exhibited a selective boost on a divergent-thinking task (generating unusual uses of common objects) after a specificity induction compared with a control induction; by contrast, performance following the two inductions was similar on an object association task thought to involve little divergent thinking. In Experiment 2, we replicated the specificity-induction effect on divergent thinking using a different control induction, and also found that participants performed similarly on a convergent-thinking task following the two inductions. These experiments provide novel evidence that episodic memory is involved in divergent creative thinking.
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With respect to divergent thinking, ESI increases the production of both old ideas from memory and new ideas from imagination generated for the first time during study.
“With respect to divergent thinking, ESI increases the production of both old ideas from memory (e.g., novel uses of an object based on remembering a past experience involving that use) and new ideas from imagination generated for the first time during study”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
The General Discussion reports preliminary data suggesting that ESI may boost both “old” and “new” ideas. The citing sentence presents that tentative finding as an established increase, although the paper says it requires more systematic investigation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredESI does not affect performance on nonepisodic tasks like typical semantic associates and convergent creative riddles.
“without affecting performance on nonepisodic tasks like typical semantic associates (Madore et al. 2015(Madore et al. , 2016a) ) and convergent creative riddles (Madore et al. 2015).”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
The General Discussion reports no comparable effect on the object-association task and no reliable effect on Remote Associates Test performance. But it cautions that the convergent-thinking result requires care because the Induction × Task interaction was marginal; the claim’s unqualified “does not affect” is stronger than that finding. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAn episodic retrieval manipulation increased not only the retrieval of old ideas but the production of new ideas that were not associated with any one particular past experience.
“That is, an episodic retrieval manipulation increased not only the retrieval of old ideas but the production of new ideas that were not associated with any one particular past experience, as in our previous induction-related behavioral work (Madore et al. 2015(Madore et al. , 2016a)).”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
The General Discussion (page not provided) says preliminary data suggest the induction may boost both “old” and “new” ideas. It also says the issue requires more systematic investigation; it does not establish that the new ideas were unrelated to any particular past experience. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdministering an episodic specificity induction increased the number of appropriate uses generated on a subsequent alternate uses task and also increased episodic details on a future simulation task.
“Critically, administering the specificity induction increased the number of appropriate uses that participants generated on a subsequent alternate uses task, and also increased episodic details on a future simulation task [72].”
From Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics (2016) · cites this paper as [72]
Kernels of evidence suggest that neural processes supporting episodic memory may be involved in divergent thinking.
“Kernels of evidence suggest that neural processes supporting episodic memory-the retrieval of particular elements of prior experiences-may also be involved in divergent thinking, but such processes have typically been characterized as not very relevant for, or even a hindrance to, creative output.”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
A cognitive manipulation that facilitates episodic retrieval enhances the generation of ideas on divergent thinking tasks.
“a cognitive manipulation that facilitates episodic retrieval enhances the generation of ideas on divergent thinking tasks (Madore et al. 2015(Madore et al. , 2016a));”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
ESI, compared with various control inductions that do not target episodic retrieval, improves subsequent performance on tasks that involve the retrieval and reconstruction of episodic details, such as episodic remembering and imagining, means-end problem solving, and divergent thinking.
“To this end, previous behavioral work has indicated that ESI, compared with various control inductions that do not target episodic retrieval, improves subsequent performance on tasks that involve the retrieval and reconstruction of episodic details, such as episodic remembering and imagining (Madore et al. 2014), means-end problem solving (Madore and Schacter 2014) and divergent thinking (Madore”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
The ESI effect has been exhibited for typical generative divergent thinking measures that include total responses deemed feasible or appropriate and that fit under distinct and flexible categories.
“The ESI effect has likewise been exhibited for typical generative divergent thinking measures (Guilford et al. 1960) that include total responses that are deemed feasible or appropriate in everyday life and that fit under distinct and flexible categories (Madore et al. 2015(Madore et al. , 2016a)).”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
Both the AUT and OAT involve assembling, integrating, and generating information in response to an object cue, but the AUT involves divergent thinking and episodic imagery.
“Both the AUT and OAT involve assembling, integrating, and generating information in response to an object cue, but the AUT involves divergent thinking and episodic imagery (Madore et al. 2015(Madore et al. , 2016a;;Addis et al. 2016).”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
The ESI manipulation selectively affected divergent thinking performance in an fMRI setting but did not affect performance on an object control task.
“This pattern of induction-related findings replicates and extends behavioral studies of divergent thinking (Madore et al. 2015(Madore et al. , 2016a)), and indicates for the first time that the ESI manipulation selectively affected divergent thinking performance in an fMRI setting but did not affect performance on an object control task.”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Madore et al. 2015
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- Authors
- Madore, K. P., Addis, D. R., & Schacter, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Madore, Kevin P.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-07-23
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1461-1468
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC4567456
- OpenAlex
- W1827753710
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 30.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag008441-30)
- National Institute on Aging (R01-AG008441, AG 08441, R37AG008441)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 060941, R01MH060941)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- creativity, episodic memory, divergent thinking, episodic memory retrieval, convergent thinking, object association
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Creativity, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Thinking, Young Adult, Memory, Episodic
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