Global variation in subjective well-being predicts seven forms of altruism
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Abstract
The geographic prevalence of various altruistic behaviors (nonreciprocal acts that improve other people’s welfare) is not uniformly distributed, but whether this reflects variation in a superordinate construct linked to national-level outcomes or cultural values is unknown. We compiled data on seven altruistic behaviors across 48 to 152 nations and found evidence that these behaviors reflect a latent construct positively associated with national-level subjective well-being (SWB) and individualist values, even when we controlled for national-level wealth, health, education, and shared cultural history. Consistent with prior work, our results showed that SWB mediated the relationship between two objective measures of well-being (wealth and health) and altruism ( n = 130). Moreover, these indirect effects increased as individualist values increased within the subset of countries ( n = 90) with available data. Together, our results indicate that altruism increases when resources and cultural values provide objective and subjective means for pursuing personally meaningful goals and that altruistic behaviors may be enhanced by societal changes that promote well-being.
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Promoting prosocial behaviour during pandemics and beyond benefits mental and physical health and could help counter the pandemic's widespread adverse mental health effects, especially during lockdown.
“Additionally, encouraging prosocial behaviour during pandemics and beyond is valuable for mental and physical health, which could help to address the pervasive adverse effects of the pandemic on mental health, particularly during lockdown.31, 32, 33, 34”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Rhoads, S. A., Gunter, D., Ryan, R. M., & Marsh, A. A.
- Affiliations
- Georgetown University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rhoads, Shawn A.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-07-08
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1247-1261
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W3163247549
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 7.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- S&R Foundation (Kuno Award for Applied Social Sciences)
- National Science Foundation (Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) Award)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering
- Keywords
- altruism, subjective well-being, individualism, cross-national variation, cultural values, national wealth, latent constructs, mediation, cross-cultural psychology
- MeSH terms
- Altruism, Humans
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