The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Review papers : The statistical basis of meta-analysis
Abstract
Two models for study-to-study variation in a meta-analysis are presented, critiqued and illustrated. One, the fixed effects model, takes the studies being analysed as the universe of interest; the other, the random effects model, takes these studies as representing a sample from a larger population of possible studies. With emphasis on clinical trials, this paper illustrates in some detail the application of both models to three summary measures of the effect of an experimental intervention versus a control: the standardized difference for comparing two means, and the relative risk and odds ratio for comparing two proportions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646
Self-citationStatistical Aspects of the Analysis of Data From Retrospective Studies of Disease
(1959) · JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/22.4.719 · Cited by 14,689
Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research
GLASS, G. V. (1976) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x005010003 · Cited by 4,890
Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: An overview of the randomized trials
Yusuf, S., Peto, R., Lewis, J., Collins, R., & Sleight, P. (1985) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/s0033-0620(85)80003-7 · Cited by 3,205
A method for assessing the quality of a randomized control trial
Chalmers, T. C., Smith, H., Blackburn, B., Silverman, B., Schroeder, B., Reitman, D., & Ambroz, A. (1981) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(81)90056-8 · Cited by 1,349
Research works printed but not linked: 42
- 10.1016/0197-2456(90)90032-W · DOI
- Dubey S., Proceedings of the Biopharmaceutical Section of the American Statistical Association
- Huque MF, Proceedings of the Biopharmaceutical Section of the American Statistical Association
- Stein RA, Proceedings of the Biopharmaceutical Section of the American Statistical Association
- 10.1002/sim.4780060325 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1002/sim.4780060327 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1002/sim.4780060322 · DOI
- 10.1002/sim.4780060306 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1176/ajp.141.10.1145 · DOI · Paper page
- Davis HS, 1973, Dissertation Abstracts International, 36, 3490B
- Florell JL, 1971, Dissertation Abstracts International, 32, 3633B
- 10.1037/h0076527 · DOI
- Hart RR, 1975, Dissertation Abstracts International, 36, 5259B
- Wilson JF, 1977, Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 1476B
- 10.1016/0895-4356(91)90261-7 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1136/bmj.1.5905.436 · DOI
- 10.1016/0021-9681(76)90020-5 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92808-3 · DOI
- 10.1055/s-0039-1687191 · DOI
- 10.1161/01.CIR.62.3.449 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1001/jama.1980.03300330019023 · DOI · Paper page
- 1988, Lancet, 2, 349
- 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1955.tb01348.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1093/biomet/54.1-2.181 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1002/sim.4780090307 · DOI
- 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112441 · DOI
- Mantel N., 1959, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 22, 719
- 10.1093/biomet/68.1.73 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113489 · DOI
- 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113858 · DOI
- 10.2307/2531052 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114447 · DOI · Paper page
- Armitage P. Statistical methods in medical research. New York: John Wiley, 1971: 266.
- Hedges LV, Olkin I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. San Diego: Academic Press, 1985: 26.
- Rosenthal R. Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Beverly Hills : Sage Publications, 1984:54-55.
- 10.1016/0895-4356(92)90072-U · DOI
- 10.1056/NEJM198702193160806 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1002/1097-0142(19860915)58:6<1378::AID-CNCR2820580635>3.0.CO;2-S · DOI
- 10.1016/0895-4356(89)90023-1 · DOI
- 10.1016/0895-4356(92)90085-2 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0895-4356(92)90054-Q · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91975-Z · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gotzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2700 · Cited by 17,648
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006 · Cited by 10,578
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136 · Cited by 10,349
Randomized, Controlled Trials, Observational Studies, and the Hierarchy of Research Designs
Concato, J., Shah, N., & Horwitz, R. I. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200006223422507 · Cited by 3,563
Metadata
- Authors
- Fleiss, J.
- Venue
- Statistical Methods in Medical Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1993-08
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 121-145
- ISSN
- 0962-2802 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-0334
- OpenAlex
- W2030223911
- Cited by
- 1,281
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 22.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Review papers : The statistical basis of meta-analysis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/096228029300200202
- The paper
- Fleiss, J. (1993). Review papers : The statistical basis of meta-analysis. Statistical Methods in Medical Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/096228029300200202
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
