The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Review papers : The statistical basis of meta-analysis
Abstract
Two models for study-to-study variation in a meta-analysis are presented, critiqued and illustrated. One, the fixed effects model, takes the studies being analysed as the universe of interest; the other, the random effects model, takes these studies as representing a sample from a larger population of possible studies. With emphasis on clinical trials, this paper illustrates in some detail the application of both models to three summary measures of the effect of an experimental intervention versus a control: the standardized difference for comparing two means, and the relative risk and odds ratio for comparing two proportions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646
Self-citationStatistical Aspects of the Analysis of Data From Retrospective Studies of Disease
(1959) · JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/22.4.719 · Cited by 14,689
Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research
GLASS, G. V. (1976) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x005010003 · Cited by 4,890
Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: An overview of the randomized trials
Yusuf, S., Peto, R., Lewis, J., Collins, R., & Sleight, P. (1985) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/s0033-0620(85)80003-7 · Cited by 3,205
A method for assessing the quality of a randomized control trial
Chalmers, T. C., Smith, H., Blackburn, B., Silverman, B., Schroeder, B., Reitman, D., & Ambroz, A. (1981) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(81)90056-8 · Cited by 1,349
Research works printed but not linked: 42
- 10.1016/0197-2456(90)90032-W · DOI
- Dubey S., Proceedings of the Biopharmaceutical Section of the American Statistical Association
- Huque MF, Proceedings of the Biopharmaceutical Section of the American Statistical Association
- Stein RA, Proceedings of the Biopharmaceutical Section of the American Statistical Association
- 10.1002/sim.4780060325 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1002/sim.4780060327 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1002/sim.4780060322 · DOI
- 10.1002/sim.4780060306 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1176/ajp.141.10.1145 · DOI · Paper page
- Davis HS, 1973, Dissertation Abstracts International, 36, 3490B
- Florell JL, 1971, Dissertation Abstracts International, 32, 3633B
- 10.1037/h0076527 · DOI
- Hart RR, 1975, Dissertation Abstracts International, 36, 5259B
- Wilson JF, 1977, Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 1476B
- 10.1016/0895-4356(91)90261-7 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1136/bmj.1.5905.436 · DOI
- 10.1016/0021-9681(76)90020-5 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92808-3 · DOI
- 10.1055/s-0039-1687191 · DOI
- 10.1161/01.CIR.62.3.449 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1001/jama.1980.03300330019023 · DOI · Paper page
- 1988, Lancet, 2, 349
- 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1955.tb01348.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1093/biomet/54.1-2.181 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1002/sim.4780090307 · DOI
- 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112441 · DOI
- Mantel N., 1959, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 22, 719
- 10.1093/biomet/68.1.73 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113489 · DOI
- 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113858 · DOI
- 10.2307/2531052 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114447 · DOI · Paper page
- Armitage P. Statistical methods in medical research. New York: John Wiley, 1971: 266.
- Hedges LV, Olkin I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. San Diego: Academic Press, 1985: 26.
- Rosenthal R. Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Beverly Hills : Sage Publications, 1984:54-55.
- 10.1016/0895-4356(92)90072-U · DOI
- 10.1056/NEJM198702193160806 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1002/1097-0142(19860915)58:6<1378::AID-CNCR2820580635>3.0.CO;2-S · DOI
- 10.1016/0895-4356(89)90023-1 · DOI
- 10.1016/0895-4356(92)90085-2 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0895-4356(92)90054-Q · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91975-Z · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gotzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2700 · Cited by 17,648
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006 · Cited by 10,578
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136 · Cited by 10,349
Randomized, Controlled Trials, Observational Studies, and the Hierarchy of Research Designs
Concato, J., Shah, N., & Horwitz, R. I. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200006223422507 · Cited by 3,563
Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
McCarthy, B., Casey, D., Devane, D., Murphy, K., Murphy, E., & Lacasse, Y. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003793.pub3 · Cited by 2,643
Quantitative Synthesis in Systematic Reviews
Lau, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Schmid, C. H. (1997) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-127-9-199711010-00008 · Cited by 2,517
Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues
Elbourne, D. R., Altman, D. G., Higgins, J. P., Curtin, F., Worthington, H. V., & Vail, A. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.140 · Cited by 2,305
Improved tests for a random effects meta‐regression with a single covariate
Knapp, G., & Hartung, J. (2003) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1482 · Cited by 2,075
Hu, G. (2004) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.164.10.1066 · Cited by 1,135
Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa and North America: A Meta-analysis
Mills, E. J., Nachega, J. B., Buchan, I., Orbinski, J., Attaran, A., Singh, S., Rachlis, B., Wu, P., Cooper, C., Thabane, L., et al. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.6.679 · Cited by 899
Affective disorders and suicide risk: a reexamination
Bostwick, J. M., & Pankratz, V. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.1925 · Cited by 878
(2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16499-4 · Cited by 892
Bucher, H. C., Hengstler, P., Schindler, C., & Meier, G. (2002) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)01114-7 · Cited by 823
Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Lacasse, Y., Goldstein, R., Lasserson, T. J., & Martin, S. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003793.pub2 · Cited by 821
Mills, E. J., Nachega, J. B., Bangsberg, D. R., Singh, S., Rachlis, B., Wu, P., Wilson, K., Buchan, I., Gill, C. J., & Cooper, C. (2006) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030438 · Cited by 818
The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis
Deng, J., Zhou, F., Hou, W., Silver, Z., Wong, C. Y., Chang, O., Huang, E., & Zuo, Q. K. (2021) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14506 · Cited by 771
Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis
WILLIAMS, P. T. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200105000-00012 · Cited by 724
Han, B., & Eskin, E. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.04.014 · Cited by 680
Wang, D. X. M., Yao, J., Zirek, Y., Reijnierse, E. M., & Maier, A. B. (2020) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12502 · Cited by 655
Smoking cessation reduces postoperative complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Mills, E., Eyawo, O., Lockhart, I., Kelly, S., Wu, P., & Ebbert, J. O. (2011) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.09.013 · Cited by 599
Canonico, M., Plu-Bureau, G., Lowe, G. D. O., & Scarabin, P.-Y. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39555.441944.be · Cited by 569
The DECODE Study Group, & on behalf of the European Diabetes Epidemiology Group (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.688 · Cited by 516
Costafreda, S. G., Fu, C. H. Y., Lee, L., Everitt, B., Brammer, M. J., & David, A. S. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20221 · Cited by 496
Briel, M., Ferreira-Gonzalez, I., You, J. J., Karanicolas, P. J., Akl, E. A., Wu, P., Blechacz, B., Bassler, D., Wei, X., Sharman, A., et al. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b92 · Cited by 491
Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wu, P., Wilson, K., Dimoulas, P., & Mills, E. J. (2006) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-300 · Cited by 484
Single or multiple daily doses of aminoglycosides: a meta-analysis
Barza, M., Ioannidis, J. P., Cappelleri, J. C., & Lau, J. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7027.338 · Cited by 450
Adiposity, Muscle Mass, and Muscle Strength in Relation to Functional Decline in Older Persons
Schaap, L. A., Koster, A., & Visser, M. (2013) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxs006 · Cited by 423
Natural history of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions: a meta-analysis*1
MELNIKOW, J. (1998) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00245-2 · Cited by 435
Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Mortality and Events With Statin Treatments
Mills, E. J., Rachlis, B., Wu, P., Devereaux, P. J., Arora, P., & Perri, D. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.039 · Cited by 423
Wang, Y., Kala, M. P., & Jafar, T. H. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244630 · Cited by 382
Shah, N. R., & Bracken, M. B. (2000) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(00)70240-7 · Cited by 394
Evaluation of old and new tests of heterogeneity in epidemiologic meta-analysis
Takkouche, B., Cadarso-Suarez, C., & Spiegelman, D. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009981 · Cited by 380
The association of placenta previa with history of cesarean delivery and abortion: A metaanalysis
Ananth, C. V., Smulian, J. C., & Vintzileos, A. M. (1997) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70017-6 · Cited by 361
Prevalence of mental disorders among children exposed to war: a systematic review of 7,920 children
Attanayake, V., McKay, R., Joffres, M., Singh, S., Burkle, F., & Mills, E. (2009) · Medicine, Conflict and Survival · doi:10.1080/13623690802568913 · Cited by 362
Dolovich, L. R., Addis, A., Vaillancourt, J. M. R., Power, J. D. B., Koren, G., & Einarson, T. R. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7162.839 · Cited by 353
Costa, J., Borges, M., David, C., & Carneiro, A. V. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38793.468449.ae · Cited by 340
Weight-loss intervention adherence and factors promoting adherence: a meta-analysis
Rogers, M., Lemstra, M., Bird, Y., Nwankwo, C., & Moraros, J. (2016) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s103649 · Cited by 345
Aaby, P., Samb, B., Simondon, F., Seck, A. M. C., Knudsen, K., & Whittle, H. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7003.481 · Cited by 344
Mills, E. J., WU, P., Chong, G., Ghement, I., Singh, S., Akl, E. A., Eyawo, O., Guyatt, G., Berwanger, O., & Briel, M. (2011) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcq165 · Cited by 338
Physical activity decreases cardiovascular disease risk in women
Oguma, Y., & Shinoda-Tagawa, T. (2004) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.02.007 · Cited by 323
Furukawa, T. A., Guyatt, G. H., & Griffith, L. E. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.72 · Cited by 318
Lee, C. H., Cook, S., Lee, J. S., & Han, B. (2016) · Genomics & Informatics · doi:10.5808/gi.2016.14.4.173 · Cited by 308
Contralateral effects of unilateral resistance training: a meta-analysis.
Munn, J., Herbert, R. D., & Gandevia, S. C. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00541.2003 · Cited by 296
A re‐evaluation of fixed effect(s) meta‐analysis
Rice, K., Higgins, J. P. T., & Lumley, T. (2018) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society · doi:10.1111/rssa.12275 · Cited by 287
Warn, D. E., Thompson, S. G., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1189 · Cited by 277
Meta-analysis: Neither quick nor easy
Berman, N. G., & Parker, R. A. (2002) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-2-10 · Cited by 270
Meta-Analysis of Medical Regimen Adherence Outcomes in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplantation
Dew, M. A., Dabbs, A. D., Myaskovsky, L., Shyu, S., Shellmer, D. A., DiMartini, A. F., Steel, J., Unruh, M., Switzer, G. E., Shapiro, R., et al. (2009) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0b013e3181b2a0e0 · Cited by 264
Havard, A., Shakeshaft, A., & Sanson‐Fisher, R. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02072.x · Cited by 250
Song, D., Yu, D. S. F., Li, P. W. C., & Lei, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.002 · Cited by 244
Carlsson, S., Hammar, N., & Grill, V. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1768-5 · Cited by 239
ANANTH, C., SAVITZ, D., & WILLIAMS, M. (1996) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0029-7844(96)00088-9 · Cited by 236
Ananth, C. (1999) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00408-6 · Cited by 236
Poikolainen, K. (1999) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.1999.0467 · Cited by 211
Tan, S. H. S., Lau, B. P. H., Khin, L. W., & Lingaraj, K. (2016) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546515573008 · Cited by 190
Serum Iron Levels and the Risk of Parkinson Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Pichler, I., Del Greco M., F., Gögele, M., Lill, C. M., Bertram, L., Do, C. B., Eriksson, N., Foroud, T., Myers, R. H., PD GWAS Consortium, et al. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001462 · Cited by 173
Mills, E. J., Wu, P., Lockhart, I., Wilson, K., & Ebbert, J. O. (2010) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.1186/1617-9625-8-8 · Cited by 166
Improving care for minority children with asthma: professional education in public health clinics
Evans, D., Mellins, R., Lobach, K., Ramos-Bonoan, C., Pinkett-Heller, M., Wiesemann, S., Klein, I., Donahue, C., Burke, D., Levison, M., et al. (1997) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.99.2.157 · Cited by 159
Sun, F., Chai, S., Yu, K., Quan, X., Yang, Z., Wu, S., Zhang, Y., Ji, L., Wang, J., & Shi, L. (2015) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2014.0188 · Cited by 158
Robroek, S. J., Reeuwijk, K. G., Hillier, F. C., Bambra, C. L., van Rijn, R. M., & Burdorf, A. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3354 · Cited by 144
Meta-analysis of rare and adverse event data
Sutton, A. J., Cooper, N. J., Lambert, P. C., Jones, D. R., Abrams, K. R., & Sweeting, M. J. (2002) · Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research · doi:10.1586/14737167.2.4.367 · Cited by 141
Bortolotti, B., Menchetti, M., Bellini, F., Montaguti, M. B., & Berardi, D. (2008) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.04.001 · Cited by 136
Meta-analysis of food safety training on hand hygiene knowledge and attitudes among food handlers
SOON, J. M., BAINES, R., & SEAMAN, P. (2012) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-502 · Cited by 127
Ruiz, A., Dols-Icardo, O., Bullido, M. J., Pastor, P., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, E., López de Munain, A., de Pancorbo, M. M., Pérez-Tur, J., Álvarez, V., Antonell, A., et al. (2014) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.011 · Cited by 118
Ford, N., Shubber, Z., Jarvis, J. N., Chiller, T., Greene, G., Migone, C., Vitoria, M., Doherty, M., & Meintjes, G. (2018) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cix1143 · Cited by 113
Lemstra, M., Bennett, N., Nannapaneni, U., Neudorf, C., Warren, L., Kershaw, T., & Scott, C. (2010) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066350802673224 · Cited by 105
Schwarzer, G., & Rücker, G. (2022) · Methods in Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_10 · Cited by 90
Ge, B., & Guo, X. (2015) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1111/ijs.12398 · Cited by 77
HIV viral resuppression following an elevated viral load: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Ford, N., Orrell, C., Shubber, Z., Apollo, T., & Vojnov, L. (2019) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25415 · Cited by 69
Sun, F., Yu, K., Yang, Z., Wu, S., Zhang, Y., Shi, L., Ji, L., & Zhan, S. (2012) · Experimental Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2012/230624 · Cited by 58
Joffe, R. T., Brimacombe, M., Levitt, A. J., & Stagnaro-Green, A. (2007) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.48.5.379 · Cited by 57
Genetic Risk Factors for Placental Abruption: A HuGE Review and Meta-Analysis
Zdoukopoulos, N., & Zintzaras, E. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181635694 · Cited by 56
de Morton, N. A., Keating, J. L., & Jeffs, K. (2007) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215506071313 · Cited by 57
Dwyer, T., Couper, D., & Walter, S. D. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00313-9 · Cited by 48
A finite mixture method for outlier detection and robustness in meta‐analysis
Beath, K. J. (2014) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1114 · Cited by 39
Tak, L. M., Meijer, A., Manoharan, A., de Jonge, P., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181d714e1 · Cited by 23
Meta-analysis and structured literature review in radiology1
Doria, A. S. (2005) · Academic Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.acra.2005.01.007 · Cited by 9
Tura, F., Buil-Gil, D., & Adeniyi, O. (2026) · Evidence Base · doi:10.1080/30679125.2025.2605330 · Cited by 2
“The fixed-effect model assumes a common underlying parameter across specifications (Fleiss, 1993; Rice et al., 2018) – a reasonable assumption given that all models draw on the same dataset and measure the same conceptual construct of ‘recurrent victimization‘, albeit operationalized differently.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Fleiss, J.
- Venue
- Statistical Methods in Medical Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1993-08
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 121-145
- ISSN
- 0962-2802 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-0334
- OpenAlex
- W2030223911
- Cited by
- 1,281
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 22.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.