The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social Class as Culture: The Convergence of Resources and Rank in the Social Realm
Abstract
Social class reflects more than the material conditions of people’s lives. Objective resources (e.g., income) shape cultural practices and behaviors that signal social class. These signals create cultural identities among upper- and lower-class individuals—identities that are rooted in subjective perceptions of social-class rank vis-à-vis others. Empirical studies find that perceptions of social-class rank influence patterns of contextual versus dispositional cognition and other- versus self-oriented affect and behavior that are consistent with objective resource-based measures of social class. Our theoretical conceptualization emphasizes the utility of measuring and manipulating perceptions of social-class rank to better understand how social class influences thought and action across diverse social domains.
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“The latter authors argue that the differences in material resources available to working‐ and middle‐class people create cultural identities that are based on subjective perceptions of social rank in relation to others.”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus, Piff, and Keltner (2011)
In the citing paper
“These perceptions are based on distinctive patterns of observable behaviour arising from differences in wealth, education, and occupation.”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus, Piff, and Keltner (2011)
In the citing paper
“subjective social rank ‘exerts broad influences on thought, emotion, and social behavior independently of the substance of objective social class’”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. (2011)
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor.
Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0028756 · Cited by 1,397
Self-citationHigher social class predicts increased unethical behavior
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Self-citationThe psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour
Manstead, A. S. R. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12251 · Cited by 831
“‘To the extent that these patterns of behavior are both observable and reliably associated with individual wealth, occupational prestige, and education, they become potential signals to others of a person’s social class’ (Kraus et al., 2011, p. 246).”
BackgroundTan, J. J. X., Kraus, M. W., Carpenter, N. C., & Adler, N. E. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000258 · Cited by 644
Self-citationSocial Class Culture Cycles: How Three Gateway Contexts Shape Selves and Fuel Inequality
Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Phillips, L. T. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115143 · Cited by 539
Metadata
- Authors
- Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 246-250
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2135699994
- Cited by
- 398
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 57.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Cultural Capital and Social Class
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Keywords
- social class, cultural identity, cultural practices
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