What Accounts for Personality Maturation in Early Adulthood?

Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research

Krueger, R. F., & Johnson, W. (2008) · Cited by 7,884

Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1 · Cited by 3,318

The Power of Personality: The Comparative Validity of Personality Traits, Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes

Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x · Cited by 2,361

Nature over nurture: temperament, personality, and life span development.

McCrae, R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebíčková, M., Avia, M. D., Sanz, J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kuşdil, M., Woodfield, R., et al. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.173 · Cited by 1,396

Stability and change of personality across the life course: The impact of age and major life events on mean-level and rank-order stability of the Big Five.

Specht, J., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024950 · Cited by 1,318

Personality Trait Change in Adulthood

Roberts, B. W., & Mroczek, D. (2008) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00543.x · Cited by 1,222

Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development.

McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebı́čková, M., Avia, M. D., Sanz, J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kuşdil, M. E., Woodfield, R., et al. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173 · Cited by 1,018

Handbook of personality development

(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-2967 · Cited by 933

Work experiences and personality development in young adulthood.

Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.582 · Cited by 753

Evaluating Five Factor Theory and social investment perspectives on personality trait development

Roberts, B. W., Wood, D., & Smith, J. L. (2004) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.08.002 · Cited by 677

Personality Trait Development Across the Transition to RetirementPreprint

Schwaba, T., & Bleidorn, W. (2017) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/j6byv · Cited by 3

Does insecurity lead to envy? The longitudinal interplay between dispositional envy and self-esteem

Erz, E., & Rentzsch, K. (2024) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104543 · Cited by 4

Age differences in implicit and explicit personality traits

Purol, M. F., Oh, J., Abrom, M. C., Bernard, H., Forest, A., Huhtala, S. D., Kim, H., Lin, H., Meredith, C. M., Misak, C. S., et al. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111765 · Cited by 2

Peran Dukungan Sosial dalam meningkatkan Harga Diri Ibu Primipara

Fauziah, A. R., Mikarsa, H. L., Rahardjo, W., & Elida, T. (2022) · Jurnal Ilmu Perilaku · doi:10.25077/jip.6.2.130-150.2022 · Cited by 3

Longitudinal course and correlates of realness

Hopwood, C. J., Nissen, A. T., & Bleidorn, W. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05245-1 · Cited by 2

Cognitive Underpinnings of Identity Flexibility in Adulthood

Sinnott, J. D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55658-1_2 · Cited by 2

Timing of School Entry and Personality Traits in AdulthoodPreprint

Barabasch, A., Cygan‐Rehm, K., & Leibing, A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4997709 · Cited by 2

Personality Assets and Developmental Outcomes

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0011 · Cited by 1

Aktualisasi Diri Individu Dewasa Awal di Wilayah Kabupaten Ngawi

Krismona, E. B., Nurihsan, A. J., & Ilfiandra, I. (2022) · ANALITIKA · doi:10.31289/analitika.v14i1.6600 · Cited by 1

Acontecimentos de vida e envelhecimento: uma leitura individual e qualitativa - Parte II

Faria, C., Monteiro, J., & Bastos, A. (2021) · Egitania Sciencia · doi:10.46691/es.vi.113 · Cited by 1

Developmental Pathways During Emerging Adulthood

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0014 · Cited by 2

Digital Maturity for EFL Learners: Implications for Educational Practice

Yenphech, C., Phoowong, S., & Som-In, S. (2025) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.36941/ajis-2025-0010 · Cited by 1

A replication attempt of personality change through randomized peer groups

Krämer, M. D., Kretzschmar, A., Hopwood, C. J., & Bleidorn, W. (2025) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070251331355 · Cited by 1

Positive Youth Development and the Big Five Personality Traits in Youth from Belize

Fagan, M. A., Hull, D. M., Näslund-Hadley, E. I., Brown, E. A., Kellerstedt, B. G., & Perret-Gentil, A. I. (2021) · Springer series on child and family studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70262-5_7 · Cited by 1

In Your Eyes Only? Discrepancies and Agreement Between Self- and Other-Reports of Personality From Age 14 to 29Preprint

Rohrer, J. M., Egloff, B., Kosiński, M., Stillwell, D. J., & Schmukle, S. C. (2017) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/49898 · Cited by 1

The Bright Side of Interpersonal Interactions: Prosocial Behaviors Are Influenced by Temperament, Personality, and Genetics

DiLalla, L. F., Marshall, R. L., & Pali, E. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0933-0_8 · Cited by 1

Trait

McDonald, J., & Letzring, T. D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1272-1 · Cited by 1

Understanding Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors: The Roles of Self-Focused and Other-Focused Motivational OrientationsPreprint

Joyal‐Desmarais, K., Euh, H., Scharmer, A., & Snyder, M. (2018) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/6c3nz · Cited by 1

Paradise Entertainment's Feature of the Week: Splint

Callahan, B. (2018)

The role of individual factors in the relationship between perceived financial difficulties and outcomes in adolescents

Bagarić, I. R. (2020) · doi:10.17234/diss.2020.210391

Transaktionales Paradigma

Rauthmann, J. F. (2017) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53004-7_10

References

(2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816401-3.16001-9

Bleidorn, Wiebke

Bleidorn, W. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_113-1

Development BabiesPreprint

Levin, R., & Vidart, D. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3081333

Bleidorn, Wiebke

Bleidorn, W. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_113

Trait

McDonald, J., & Letzring, T. D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1272 · Cited by 1

Aspirations, Flourishing, and Compromises

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0005

Gendered Pathways in Career Pursuit and Romantic Development

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0010

Copyright Page

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.002.0004

Achieving Life Authorship

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0009

Relevant Theoretical and Research Frameworks for Understanding Emerging Adulthood and the Development of the Current Study

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0002

Patterns of Mental Health During Emerging Adulthood and Their Association With the Success or Failure to Attain Developmental Tasks

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0013

Pathways of Career Pursuit—Consistency, Detours, Disappointments

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0004

Emerging Adulthood Revisited

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0015

Romantic Pathways Among Emerging Adults

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0006

Introduction

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0001

Advance Praise page for A New Lens on Emerging Adulthood

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.002.0001

Developmental Goals During Emerging Adulthood

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0003

Romantic Intimacy Statuses and Progress Toward the Future

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0007

Career Pursuit and Romantic Investment

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0008

Support Systems and Their Role in Developmental Processes During Emerging Adulthood

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.003.0012

Dedication

Shulman, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.002.0005

Does Self-Efficacy for Affect Regulation Predict Lower Neuroticism?

Lightsey, O. R. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp-2023-0001

How personality shapes perceptions of adulthoodPreprint

Wright, M. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6700736/v1

Humility Throughout the Lifespan and a Global Pandemic: Evidence From a Large‐Scale Cross‐Sectional Study

Cheung, W. W. L., Sahakari, S. S., & Götz, F. M. (2025) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.70002

Does Cultural Fit Predict Well‐Adapted Personality? A Cross‐Cultural Comparison Between Turkey and Germany

Sav, S., & Şenay, İ. (2025) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.70129

Timing of school entry and personality traits in adulthood

Barabasch, A., Cygan‐Rehm, K., & Leibing, A. (2025) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105236

Explaining the Secondary Transfer Effect: The Role of Personality Factors

Vezzali, L., Dierckx, K., Trifiletti, E., Cocco, V. M., Lucarini, A., Capozza, D., & Turner, R. N. (2025) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70197

Persönlichkeitsentwicklung – Hintergründe, Chancen und Grenzen

Mangelsdorf, J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-48449-1_24

Digital maturity reduces digital escape: An experimental investigation of the avoidance of challenges

Koch, T., Laaber, F., & Florack, A. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101141

The Unique Contribution of Digital Maturity in the AI Era: Psychometric Validation, Predictive Ability and Latent Profile Analysis Among Chinese Primary Students

Sun, M., & Luo, J. (2026) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence14080172

Personality variability during development predicts alcohol use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Zohair, R., Janson, K., Siehl, S., Bokde, A. L. W., Desrivières, S., Garavan, H., Gowland, P. A., Grigis, A., Heinz, A., Martinot, J., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-63441-y

Age‐Graded Stability and Change in Dark Triad Traits: Seven‐Wave Evidence From a Large Japanese Panel, With Big Five Benchmarks

Shimotsukasa, T., & Oshio, A. (2026) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.70097

Personality Maturation Around the World

Bleidorn, W., Klimstra, T. A., Denissen, J. J. A., Rentfrow, P. J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613498396 · Cited by 391

Refining the maturity principle of personality development by examining facets, close others, and comaturation.

Schwaba, T., Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., Manuck, S. B., & Wright, A. G. C. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000400 · Cited by 69

Untitled work

(2008) · Cited by 541

Young Adulthood Is the Crucible of Personality Development

Roberts, B. W., & Davis, J. P. (2016) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696816653052 · Cited by 141

Personality development in emerging adulthood

Bleidorn, W., & Schwaba, T. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804674-6.00004-1 · Cited by 44