Piezoelectret foam–based vibration energy harvesting
Abstract
The use of energy harvesting to provide power to low-power electronic devices has the potential to create autonomous, self-powered electronics. This article presents the investigation of a novel material for vibration-based energy harvesting. Piezoelectret foam, a lead-free, polymer-based electret material exhibiting piezoelectric-like properties, is investigated for low-power energy generation. An overview of the fabrication and operation of piezoelectret foams is first given. Mechanical testing is then performed, where anisotropy in the principal length directions is found along with Young’s moduli between 0.5 and 1 GPa and tensile strengths from 35 to 70 MPa. Dynamic electromechanical characterization is performed in order to measure the piezoelectric [Formula: see text] coefficient of the foam over a wide frequency range. The [Formula: see text] coefficient is found to be relatively constant at around 175 pC/N from 10 Hz to 1 kHz. Finally, the foam is evaluated as an energy harvesting material by first developing an electromechanical model to predict the voltage response during excitation, then performing dynamic experimentation to measure the voltage frequency response with comparisons to modeling predictions for a set of electrical loads, and finally conducting energy harvesting experimentation in which the foam is used to charge a capacitor. Harmonic excitation of a pre-tensioned 15.2 cm × 15.2 cm sample at 60 Hz and displacement of ± 73 µm yields an average power of 6.0 µW delivered to a 1 mF storage capacitor. The capacitor is charged to 4.67 V in 30 min, proving the ability of piezoelectret foam to supply power to small electronic components.
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Unpatterned PVDF is not stretchable because its Young's modulus is 3.6 GPa.
“Its Young's modulus is 3.6 GPa hence unpatterned PVDF is not stretchable either.17, 18”
From A Chest‐Laminated Ultrathin and Stretchable E‐Tattoo for the Measurement of Electrocardiogram, Seismocardiogram, and Cardiac Time Intervals (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
According to the manufacturer datasheet, the in-plane Young's modulus and strain sensitivity of the as-purchased PVDF film are 2-4 GPa and 12 mV per microstrain, respectively.
“According to the manufacturer datasheet (Table S1, Supporting Information), the in‐plane Young's modulus and strain sensitivity of the as‐purchased PVDF film are 2–4 GPa and 12 mV per microstrain (µε), respectively.17”
From A Chest‐Laminated Ultrathin and Stretchable E‐Tattoo for the Measurement of Electrocardiogram, Seismocardiogram, and Cardiac Time Intervals (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
PVDF is a commercially available piezoelectric polymer that is mechanically robust and biocompatible.
“In contrast, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a commercially available piezoelectric polymer that is mechanically robust and biocompatible.”
From A Chest‐Laminated Ultrathin and Stretchable E‐Tattoo for the Measurement of Electrocardiogram, Seismocardiogram, and Cardiac Time Intervals (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
The electromechanical sensitivity of PVDF was measured to be 11.1 mV per με in the stretching direction but only 1.1 mV per με in the transverse direction.
“Its electromechanical sensitivity was measured to be 11.1 mV per µε in the stretching direction but only 1.1 mV per µε in the transverse direction, which was not available in the datasheet.17”
From A Chest‐Laminated Ultrathin and Stretchable E‐Tattoo for the Measurement of Electrocardiogram, Seismocardiogram, and Cardiac Time Intervals (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
The piezoelectric coefficient d31 of PVDF was computed to be 10 pC N−1, which is different from the datasheet value of 23 pC N−1.
“Thus, d 31 was computed to be 10 pC N−1 according to Equation (3), which is very different from the value listed in the datasheet (23 pC N−1).17”
From A Chest‐Laminated Ultrathin and Stretchable E‐Tattoo for the Measurement of Electrocardiogram, Seismocardiogram, and Cardiac Time Intervals (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Anton, Sr., Farinholt, K., & Erturk, A.
- Affiliations
- Tennessee Technological University (US)
- Luna Innovations, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Venue
- Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-07-07
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1681-1692
- ISSN
- 1045-389X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8138
- OpenAlex
- W1973517834
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 12
- FWCI
- 15.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials
- Keywords
- vibration energy harvesting, piezoelectric coefficient, electromechanical characterization, mechanical anisotropy, Young's modulus, tensile strength, electromechanical modeling, self-powered devices, low-power electronics, capacitor charging
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