Cited by 319Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderAttachment and Relationship DynamicsFamily Dynamics and Relationships

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The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses

Eakin, L., Minde, K., Hechtman, L., Ochs, E., Krane, E., Bouffard, R., Greenfield, B., Looper, K.·2004·Journal of Attention Disorders

DOI 10.1177/108705470400800101

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Abstract

Little is known about the family relationships of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thus, the marital adjustment and family functioning of 33 married adults with ADHD and their spouses was compared to 26 non-ADHD control participants and their spouses. Results revealed that married adults with ADHD reported poorer overall marital adjustment on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1989) and more family dysfunction on the Family Assessment Device (FAD; Eptein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) than control adults. The spouses of adults with ADHD did not differ from control spouses in reports of overall marital adjustment and family dysfunction. A greater proportion of their marital adjustment scores, however, fell within the maladjusted range. The ADHD adults' perceptions of the health of their marriages and families were more negative than their spouses' perceptions. The way in which spouses of ADHD adults compensated for their partners' difficulties were explored through clinical interviews. The findings in this study underscore the need for assessments and treatments to address marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD.

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ADHS, Antisoziale Persönlichkeitsstörung und Delinquenz 1Prof. Dr. med. Dr. jur. R. Luthe zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet
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Parental happiness and strain among young adult parents diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Kroeger, R. A. (2017) · Chronic Illness · doi:10.1177/1742395317694701 · Cited by 10
Differences in alcohol and cannabis use amongst substance use disorder patients with and without comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Coetzee, C., Truter, I., & Meyer, A. (2022) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v28i0.1786 · Cited by 12
La planificación cognitiva en el contexto de la evaluación neuropsicológica e investigación en neurociencia cognitiva: una revisión sistemática.
Domic‐Siede, M., Irani, M., Ramos‐Henderson, M., Calderón, C., Ossandón, T., & Perrone‐Bertolotti, M. (2022) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082022000300367 · Cited by 20
ADHD and comorbid depression
Cumyn, L., French, L. R., & Hechtman, L. T. (2009) · Current Attention Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s12618-009-0008-1 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Working Memory as the Focus of the Bilingual Effect in Executive Functions
Chen, J., Li, Z., Xiong, Z., & Liu, G. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020134 · Cited by 8
“Individuals with weak EFs tend to have poor self-control and act impulsively, which can contribute to issues such as obesity, poor work performance, marital discord, and other self-management problems (Crescioni et al., 2011; Eakin et al., 2004).”
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms, Depression Risk, and Quality of Life in Black Pregnant Women
Jones, H. A., Eddy, L. D., Bourchtein, E., Parks, A. M., Green, T., Karjane, N. W., & Svikis, D. S. (2018) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2017.6547 · Cited by 8
“14 In light of these struggles in daily life, it is unsurprising that adults with ADHD report signiﬁcantly lower QoL.”
Ahead of the (ROC) Curve: A Statistical Approach to Utilizing Ex-Gaussian Parameters of Reaction Time in Diagnosing ADHD Across Three Developmental Periods
Galloway-Long, H., Huang‐Pollock, C. L., & Neely, K. A. (2021) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617721000990 · Cited by 8
“Possible consequences of a “false negative” diagnosis could include the downstream effects of chronic untreated ADHD including academic underachievement/school failure, increased peer and familial conflict, dangerous or sensation-seeking behavior, or illegal drug use (Biederman et al., 2004; Birnbaum et al., 2005; Eak…”
Background
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form Profiles Among Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Examining the Effect of Comorbid Psychopathology and ADHD Presentation
Keezer, R. D., Kamm, J. M., Cerny, B. M., Ovsiew, G. P., Resch, Z. J., Jennette, K. J., & Soble, J. R. (2023) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acad043 · Cited by 8
Recent advances in pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: moving beyond stimulants
Childress, A. C. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2358987 · Cited by 7
“In adults, ADHD can negatively impact peer and romantic relationships and is responsible for lower parenting efficacy [5– 7].”
Background
Short playful interactions improve executive functions in children
Yaffe, D., Shtoots, L., Kochav, O., Daniel, Y., Reuveni, O., Keisari, S., & Golland, Y. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07028-z · Cited by 12
Gender Differences in Adults with ADHD
Schiros, A., London, A. S., & Antshel, K. M. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41709-2_2 · Cited by 7
Immediate and delayed effects of fantastical content on children’s executive functions and mental transformation
Keşşafoğlu, D., Küntay, A. C., & Uzundağ, B. A. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106067 · Cited by 10
Music Training, and the Ability of Musicians to Harmonize, Are Associated With Enhanced Planning and Problem-Solving
Winston, J. L., Jazwinski, B. M., Corey, D. M., & Colombo, P. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.805186 · Cited by 5
Social Perception and Cue Utilization in Adults With ADHD
Petersen, B. D., & Grahe, J. E. (2012) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.7.663 · Cited by 7
“Married adults with ADHD are more likely to experience both family dysfunction and marital dysfunction (Barkley et al., 2008; Eakin et al., 2004; Murphy & Barkley, 1996) and to have had an extramarital affair (Barkley et al.”
Background
Investigating Self-Control Resource Depletion as a Situational Risk Factor for Aversive Interpartner Communication by Young Adults With ADHD
Wymbs, B. T. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718779228 · Cited by 8
“For example, romantic partners may provide much-needed support and assistance to partners with ADHD to help make ends meet on a daily basis (Eakin et al., 2004).”
Background
Perceptual inhibition of emotional interference in children
Zamora, E. V., Introzzi, I. M., del Valle, M. V., Vernucci, S., & Richard’s, M. M. (2019) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2019.1567340 · Cited by 9
“Generally, a good inhibitory functioning seems to be implicated in human physical and mental health, psychological well-being and life quality (Bauer & Baumeister, 2011), while inhibitory difficulty has been associated to unwanted emergent and harmful behaviors or impulses, such as substance abuse and eating disorders…”
Background
Attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, perceived stress, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic
Stickley, A., Shirama, A., Inagawa, T., Ruchkin, V. V., Koposov, R. A., Isaksson, J., Inoue, Y., & Sumiyoshi, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1008290 · Cited by 6
Integrating attention, working memory, and word learning in a dynamic field theory of executive function development: Moving beyond the ‘component’ view of executive function
Spencer, J. P., Buss, A. T., McCraw, A., Johns, E., & Samuelson, L. K. (2024) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2024.101182 · Cited by 9
Adult ADHD predicts intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization irrespective of gender and age
Merscher, J., Barra, S., Xander, A. M., Patrasc, P. G., Retz-Junginger, P., & Retz, W. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-74222-w · Cited by 6
ADHD in Families
Jans, T., & Jacob, C. (2013) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-248-3_10 · Cited by 7
Entanglements of loneliness and mental ill health among young adult women
Rönkä, A. R., Sunnari, V., & Taanila, A. M. (2020) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2020.1838101 · Cited by 9
“In a Danish study, no association was found between attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and loneliness among adolescent boys in special education (Elmose & Lasgaard, 2017), but an association with Asperger’s syndrome and loneliness was found in an Australian study among both girls and boys (Whitehouse et al.…”
BackgroundInfluential
“I Find It Really Difficult to Control Myself Too”: A Qualitative Study of the Effects on the Family Dynamic When Parent and Child Have ADHD
Carr‐Fanning, K., & Guckin, C. M. (2022) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci12110758 · Cited by 6
Effect of Past Pharmacotherapy for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Substance Use Disorder
Coetzee, C., Schellekens, A., Truter, I., & Meyer, A. (2022) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000526386 · Cited by 6
Do executive functions buffer against COVID-19 stress?
Ng, T. L. Y., Majeed, N. M., Lua, V. Y. Q., & Hartanto, A. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04652-8 · Cited by 7
“…al., 2005 ; Penadés et al., 2007) and physical health (Crescioni et al., 2011; Ng & Hartanto, 2022; Riggs et al., 2010 ), stronger social relationships (Eakin et al., 2004 ; Riggs et al., 2006 ) as well as success at work and school (Bailey, 2007 ; Borella et al., 2010; Gathercole et al., 2004 ).”
Social support, attachment and externalizing behavior in forensic patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Houtepen, J. A. B. M., Sijtsema, J. J., van der Lem, R., Hooydonk, I. C. J. V., & Bogaerts, S. (2019) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.02.008 · Cited by 9
Early child stimulation and attention-related executive functions at 11 years: 2004 Pelotas birth cohort study
Matijasevich, A., Pearson, R. M., de Mola, C. L., Maruyama, J. M., Maison, C. L., Munhoz, T. N., Barros, F. C., Santos, I. S., & Barros, A. J. D. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01440-3 · Cited by 10
“Previous studies have linked poor EFs to social problems such as crime and violence, obesity, overeating, substance abuse, poor productivity, difficulty finding and keeping a job and marital problems [1, 20, 21, 29, 46, 57].”
Background
No Expectancy Effect on Visual Attention Performance After a Single Session of Playing Sudoku: A Failed Replication of Tiraboschi et al. (2019)
Joëssel, F., Cunningham, E. G., & Green, C. S. (2025) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-025-00316-6 · Cited by 5
“…2006; Diamond, 2005; Jarmolowicz et al., 2013; Klingberg et al., 2002; Stordal et al., 2004; Taylor Tavares et al., 2007), physical health (Crescioni et al., 2011; Miller, 2011; Riggs et al., 2010), marital harmony (Eakin et al., 2004), and public safety (Broidy et al., 2009; Denson et al., 2011).”
Sexual development in ADHD and internet pornography consumption
Privara, M., & Bob, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1240222 · Cited by 7
“In this context, some studies also reported lower relational satisfaction, impaired quality of romantic relationships, higher rate of separations and divorces, increased risk of intimate partner violence and verbal violence (29, 34) and more maladaptive coping strategies in ADHD individuals (3, 4, 6, 35, 36).”
Background
The reverse congruency effect elicited by eye-gaze as a function of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms
Chacón-Candia, J. A., Ponce, R., & Marotta, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1377379 · Cited by 6
“These adults have also been found to experience less satisfying intimate relationships and marital adjustment (Eakin et al., 2004).”
Background
Cognitive‐motivational, interpersonal, and behavioral functioning in relationship to treatment and research engagement in forensic patients with ADHD
Houtepen, J. A. B. M., Sijtsema, J. J., van der Lem, R., Scheres, A., & Bogaerts, S. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23016 · Cited by 5
“Research in adults with ADHD reported interpersonal issues such as having fewer friendships, more marital difficulties, and family dysfunction compared to individuals without ADHD (Eakin et al., 2004; Young, Toone, & Tyson, 2003).”
Background
Examination of college student health behaviors and self-reported executive functions
McGrath, A. B., Weinstock, J., Cloutier, R. M., Christensen, M. R., Taylor, D. J., & Henderson, C. E. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1904951 · Cited by 5
Suicidal behavior in ADHD: the role of comorbidity, psychosocial adversity, personality and genetic factors
Ziegler, G. C., Groß, S., Boreatti‐Hümmer, A., Heine, M., McNeill, R. V., Kranz, T. M., Romanos, M., Jacob, C., Reif, A., Kittel‐Schneider, S., et al. (2024) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-024-00103-3 · Cited by 8
“Consequently, adults with ADHD tend to have lower work and financial success [3], and impaired social and romantic relationships [4, 5].”
Effects of adaptive and non-adaptive three-week executive control training on interference control: Evidence from the N2, CRN, and ERN
Grützmann, R., Kathmann, N., Gutmann, G., & Heinzel, S. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.01.011 · Cited by 5
Végrehajtó funkció: elméleti megközelítések és vizsgálati módszerek
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Young Adult’s Perception of Their Relationship with an ADHD Parent: A Qualitative Study
Belo-Tomic, S., Quinlan, E., & Read, E. (2021) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-021-09566-w · Cited by 4
Childhood mental health and adult family relationships: How ADHD shapes experiences with intimate unions and parenthood
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Authors: Eakin, L., Minde, K., Hechtman, L., Ochs, E., Krane, E., Bouffard, R., Greenfield, B., & Looper, K.
Affiliations: University of Virginia (US)
McGill University (CA)
University of Victoria (CA)
Halifax, Canada
Jewish General Hospital (CA)
ORCID: Hechtman, L.
Greenfield, B.
Looper, K.
Venue: Journal of Attention Disorders
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2004-08
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-10
ISSN: 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
1557-1246
DOI: 10.1177/108705470400800101
OpenAlex: W2060747776
Cited by: 318
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 2.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Keywords: adult ADHD, marital adjustment, family functioning, spouses, family dysfunction, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Family Assessment Device, spousal perceptions
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Conflict, Psychological, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Male, Marital Therapy, Marriage, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Spouses

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The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses

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