Cited by 319Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderAttachment and Relationship DynamicsFamily Dynamics and Relationships

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The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses

Eakin, L., Minde, K., Hechtman, L., Ochs, E., Krane, E., Bouffard, R., Greenfield, B., Looper, K.·2004·Journal of Attention Disorders

DOI 10.1177/108705470400800101

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Abstract

Little is known about the family relationships of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thus, the marital adjustment and family functioning of 33 married adults with ADHD and their spouses was compared to 26 non-ADHD control participants and their spouses. Results revealed that married adults with ADHD reported poorer overall marital adjustment on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1989) and more family dysfunction on the Family Assessment Device (FAD; Eptein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) than control adults. The spouses of adults with ADHD did not differ from control spouses in reports of overall marital adjustment and family dysfunction. A greater proportion of their marital adjustment scores, however, fell within the maladjusted range. The ADHD adults' perceptions of the health of their marriages and families were more negative than their spouses' perceptions. The way in which spouses of ADHD adults compensated for their partners' difficulties were explored through clinical interviews. The findings in this study underscore the need for assessments and treatments to address marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD.

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“2003; Zisser and Eyberg 2012) and romantic relationship discord (Eakin et al. 2004; Robin and Payson 2002) than is difficulties with behavioral regulation.”
Background
Young Adult Romantic Couples’ Conflict Resolution and Satisfaction Varies with Partner's Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Type
Canu, W. H., Tabor, L. S., Michael, K. D., Bazzini, D. G., & Elmore, A. L. (2013) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12018 · Cited by 59
“, 2006) serious romantic relationships, as well as lower satisfaction within these relationships (Canu & Carlson, 2007; Eakin et al., 2004).”
Background
The Impact of Persisting Hyperactivity on Social Relationships
Moyá, J., Stringaris, A. K., Asherson, P. J., Sandberg, S. T., & Taylor, E. A. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712436876 · Cited by 55
“It has been shown that clinic-referred adults with ADHD have poorer marital adjustment and family functioning (Eakin et al., 2004), as well as a higher incidence of separation and divorce, than normal controls (Biederman et al.”
Background
The effects of assisted cycling therapy (ACT) and voluntary cycling on reaction time and measures of executive function in adolescents with Down syndrome
Ringenbach, S. D. R., Holzapfel, S. D., Mulvey, G. M., Jimenez, A., Benson, A. M., & Richter, M. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12275 · Cited by 48
“…(Brown & Landgraf 2010; Davis et al. 2010), poor productivity, low employment rates (Bailey 2007), less dependable and more impulsive behaviour in relationships (Eakin et al. 2004) and socially problematic behaviours such as violence and emotional outbursts (Broidy et al. 2003; Denson et al. 2011).”
Background
The Burden of ADHD in Older Adults: A Qualitative Study
Michielsen, M., de Kruif, A. J. T. C. M., Comijs, H. C., van Mierlo, S., Semeijn, E. J., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715610001 · Cited by 59
“, 2008), relationships (Eakin et al., 2004), education (LeFever, Villers, Morrow, & Vaughn, 2002), and work (Halmøy, Fasmer, Gillberg, & Haavik, 2009).”
Background
The Romantic Relationships of Adolescents With ADHD
Rokeach, A., & Wiener, J. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714538660 · Cited by 57
“Eakin et al. (2004) suggests that in ADHD couples, partners often have conflicting views regarding their relationship.”
Background
Issues in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult ADHD by Primary Care Physicians
Adler, L. A., Shaw, D. M., Sitt, D. J., Maya, E., & Morrill, M. I. (2009) · Primary psychiatry · Cited by 46
The Pharmacology and Clinical Outcomes of Amphetamines to Treat ADHD
Hodgkins, P., Shaw, M., McCarthy, S., & Sallee, F. R. (2012) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11599630-000000000-00000 · Cited by 45
ADHD and family functioning
Anastopoulos, A. D., Sommer, J. L., & Schatz, N. K. (2009) · Current Attention Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s12618-009-0023-2 · Cited by 45
“More consistently reported is the finding that marital satisfaction seems to be lower among couples in which one member has ADHD [29], with greater dissatisfaction more often expressed by the spouse affected by ADHD [7••].”
Background
Predictors of Executive Functions in Preschoolers: Findings From the SPLASHY Study
Zysset, A. E., Kakebeeke, T. H., Messerli‐Bürgy, N., Meyer, A. H., Stülb, K., Leeger‐Aschmann, C. S., Schmutz, E. A., Arhab, A., Puder, J. J., Kriemler, S., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02060 · Cited by 53
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults
Moss, S. B., Nair, R. J., Vallarino, A., & Wang, S. (2007) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2007.05.005 · Cited by 45
Living with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adulthood: a systematic review of qualitative evidence
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Reduced emotional empathy in adults with subclinical ADHD: evidence from the empathy and systemizing quotient
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“Studies on adults with ADHD reported friendship problems and poorer social interactions (Young et al. 2003; Kooij et al. 2010), loneliness (Philipsen et al. 2009) as well as poorer intimate relationships and marital adjustment (Eakin et al. 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Delivering Evidence-Based Treatments for Child Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the Context of Parental ADHD
Wang, C. H., Mazursky-Horowitz, H., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0474-8 · Cited by 39
When does it end? Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the middle aged and older populations
Manor, I., Rozen, S., Zemishlani, Z., Weizman, A., & Zalsman, G. (2011) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0b013e3182206dc1 · Cited by 45
“This seems to be a not uncommon phenomenon in younger adult populations, according to literature.(16) Six (55%) had other medical problems, which may be expected in this age group (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and ischemic heart disease), although the percentage was relatively high.”
Background
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adulthood: Concordance and Differences between Self- and Informant Perspectives on Symptoms and Functional Impairment
Mörstedt, B., Corbisiero, S., Bitto, H., & Stieglitz, R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141342 · Cited by 44
“[34] found that spouses of people with ADHD reported fewer impairments to their married lives than their ADHD partners.”
Background
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and loneliness among adults in the general population
Stickley, A., Koyanagi, A., Takahashi, H., Ruchkin, V. V., & Kamio, Y. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.01.007 · Cited by 45
“…to a number of functional impairments that impact on well-being and quality of life throughout adulthood in terms of family functioning, work and health (Barkley Murphy, & Fischer 2008; Das, Cherbuin, Butterworth, Anstey, & Easteal, 2012; Eakin et al., 2004; Murphy & Barkley, 1996; Nigg, 2013).”
Background
Prediction of Preschool Aggression from DRD4 Risk, Parental ADHD Symptoms, and Home Chaos
Farbiash, T., Berger, A., Atzaba-Poria, N., & Auerbach, J. G. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9791-3 · Cited by 37
Assessing Treatment Outcomes in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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Prefrontal mechanisms of comorbidity from a transdiagnostic and ontogenic perspective
MacDonald, A. N., Goines, K., Novacek, D. M., & Walker, E. F. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000742 · Cited by 40
“EFs have been associated with a range of long-term outcomes related to academic performance (Borella, Carretti, Riboldi, & De Beni, 2010), job success (Bailey, 2007), criminal activity (Broidy et al., 2003), and relationships (Eakin et al., 2004).”
Background
Interparental aggression, attention skills, and early childhood behavior problems
Towe‐Goodman, N. R., Stifter, C. A., Coccia, M., Cox, M. J., & The Family Life Project Key Investigators (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000216 · Cited by 38
“Alternatively, genetic linkages may partially account for some of the associations, as parents with limited executive attention skills may be more likely to engage in intense interparental conflict (Eakin et al., 2004).”
Background
Sexuality in Adults With ADHD: Results of an Online Survey
Hertz, P. G., Turner, D., Barra, S., Biedermann, L., Retz-Junginger, P., Schöttle, D., & Retz, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.868278 · Cited by 39
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a comprehensive review
Williams, O. C. A., Prasad, S., McCrary, A., Jordan, E., Sachdeva, V., Deva, S., Kumar, H., Mehta, J., Neupane, P., & Gupta, A. (2023) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000000631 · Cited by 45
“ADHD adults hold a negative impression of marriage leading to separation and divorces([21]).”
Background
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Personality Characteristics in Older Adults in the General Dutch Population
Michielsen, M., Comijs, H. C., Semeijn, E. J., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2014) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.02.005 · Cited by 34
Nonmedication treatments for adult ADHD: Evaluating impact on daily functioning and well-being.
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The Effects of ADHD in Adult Substance Abusers
Moura, H. F., Faller, S., Benzano, D., Szobot, C., von Diemen, L., Stolf, A. R., Souza-Formigoni, M. L., Cruz, M. S., Brasiliano, S., Pechansky, F., et al. (2013) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2013.824359 · Cited by 33
Parsing Heterogeneity of Executive Function in Typically and Atypically Developing Children: A Conceptual Replication and Exploration of Social Function
Baez, A. C., Dajani, D. R., Voorhies, W., Parladé, M. V., Alessandri, M., Britton, J. C., Llabre, M. M., & Uddin, L. Q. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04290-9 · Cited by 30
Four-Year Outcome in Psychopharmacologically Treated Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Lensing, M. B., Zeiner, P., Sandvik, L., & Opjordsmoen, S. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.12m07714 · Cited by 32
Fine Motor Control Underlies the Association Between Response Inhibition and Drawing Skill in Early Development
Simpson, A., Ruwaili, R. A., Jolley, R. P., Leonard, H. C., Geeraert, N., & Riggs, K. J. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12949 · Cited by 40
Treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Hechtman, L. (2008) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s1747 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Self-Reported ADHD and Adult Health in the United States
Landes, S. D., & London, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718757648 · Cited by 31
“Compared with those who have never been diagnosed with ADHD, adults who have ever been diagnosed with ADHD are more likely to experience marital discord, separation, and divorce (Barkley et al., 2008; Biederman et al., 1993; Eakin et al., 2004) or to never have married (Lensing et al.”
Background
El ASRS v.1.1. como instrumento de cribado del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en adultos tratados por conductas adictivas: propiedades psicométricas y prevalencia estimada
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The Relationship Between ADHD Symptoms and Competence as Reported by Both Self and Others
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“These areas are domains in which ADHD-related impairments are well established (Eakin et al., 2004; Harpin, 2005; Murphy & Barkley, 1996).”
Background
How Informative Are Self-Reported Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms? An Examination of the Agreement Between the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale V1.1 and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Investigator Symptom Rating Scale
Silverstein, M. J., Faraone, S. V., Alperin, S., Biederman, J., Spencer, T. J., & Adler, L. A. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2017.0082 · Cited by 33
“…adult ADHD have increased rates of psychiatric co-morbidities, underemployment and unemployment, substance abuse disorders, divorce and marital separation, and motor vehicle accidents (Mannuzza and Klein 1999; Barkley 2002; Eakin et al. 2004; Wilens and Dodson 2004; Biederman et al. 2006a, 2006b).”
Correlation of symptomatic improvements with functional improvements and patient-reported outcomes in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treated with OROS methylphenidate
Rösler, M., Ginsberg, Y., Arngrim, T., Adamou, M., Niemelä, A., Dejonkheere, J., van Oene, J., & Schäuble, B. (2011) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.571283 · Cited by 28
Marital and Coparenting Relationships
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“For example, the DAS scores were consistent with those from previous studies of adults with ADHD (Eakin et al., 2004), but predictably higher than what has been found in samples of adults with more severe psychological difficulties (Hunsley et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Associations Between ADHD Symptoms and Occupational, Interpersonal, and Daily Life Impairments Among Pregnant Women
Eddy, L. D., Jones, H. A., Snipes, D. J., Karjane, N. W., & Svikis, D. S. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716685839 · Cited by 28
Clinical service use as people with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder transition into adolescence and adulthood: a prospective longitudinal study
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“For instance, adults with ADHD are more likely than the general population to: 1) be unemployed [4] and experience more frequent job losses [4]; 2) under achieve in education [5]; 3) experience greater instability in emotional relationships [6]; 4) display anti-social and offending behaviours [7] and 5) suffer from dr…”
Background
Impairments of interpersonal synchrony evident in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Gvirts, H. Z., Lavi, D., Yozevitch, R., Sherman, M., Hagay, Y., & Dahan, A. (2020) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103210 · Cited by 29
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for being involved in intimate partner violence and sexual violence: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Arrondo, G., Osorio, A., Magallón, S., del Burgo, C. L., & Cortese, S. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723001976 · Cited by 32
“Conversely, the romantic quality of their partners is also lower, with almost all individuals indicating that symptoms interfere in the relationship (Eakin et al., 2004; Wymbs et al., 2021).”

Authors: Eakin, L., Minde, K., Hechtman, L., Ochs, E., Krane, E., Bouffard, R., Greenfield, B., & Looper, K.
Affiliations: University of Virginia (US)
McGill University (CA)
University of Victoria (CA)
Halifax, Canada
Jewish General Hospital (CA)
ORCID: Hechtman, L.
Greenfield, B.
Looper, K.
Venue: Journal of Attention Disorders
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2004-08
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-10
ISSN: 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
1557-1246
DOI: 10.1177/108705470400800101
OpenAlex: W2060747776
Cited by: 318
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 2.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Keywords: adult ADHD, marital adjustment, family functioning, spouses, family dysfunction, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Family Assessment Device, spousal perceptions
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Conflict, Psychological, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Male, Marital Therapy, Marriage, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Spouses

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The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses

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