Canine-Assisted Therapy for Children With ADHD: Preliminary Findings From The Positive Assertive Cooperative Kids Study
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to provide preliminary findings from an ongoing randomized clinical trial using a canine-assisted intervention (CAI) for 24 children with ADHD. METHOD: Project Positive Assertive Cooperative Kids (P.A.C.K.) was designed to study a 12-week cognitive-behavioral intervention delivered with or without CAI. Children were randomly assigned to group therapy with or without CAI. Parents of children in both groups simultaneously participated in weekly parent group therapy sessions. RESULTS: Across both treatment groups, parents reported improvements in children's social skills, prosocial behaviors, and problematic behaviors. In both groups, the severity of ADHD symptoms declined during the course of treatment; however, children who received the CAI model exhibited greater reductions in the severity of ADHD symptoms than did children who received cognitive-behavioral therapy without CAI. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that CAI offers a novel therapeutic strategy that may enhance cognitive-behavioral interventions for children with ADHD.
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There is some evidence to suggest that AAT, and in particular CAP, is an effective intervention for child and adolescent populations with neurodevelopmental difficulties.
“There is some evidence to suggest that AAT, and in particular CAP, is an effective intervention for child and adolescent populations with neurodevelopmental difficulties [31, 32] and trauma symptoms [33, 41].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
The Discussion reports preliminary benefits of canine-assisted treatment for children with ADHD, including greater reductions in ADHD symptoms than treatment without canine assistance. The Rationale also describes preliminary evidence for children with other neurodevelopmental disorders. These passages support the cautious claim for children, but do not establish effectiveness for adolescents or for neurodevelopmental difficulties generally; page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA number of studies reported that the presence of canines had a direct impact on the primary diagnoses and clinical symptomatology of participants.
“A number of these studies reported that the presence of canines had a direct impact on the primary diagnoses and clinical symptomatology of the participants [31–36].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
The Results report lower parent-rated ADHD symptom severity in the canine-assisted therapy group than in the therapy-without-dogs group at several treatment weeks. The Discussion calls this preliminary evidence and says the mechanism was not identified; it does not establish that the mere presence of dogs directly changed participants’ diagnoses. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChildren with ADHD participating in counselling displayed reduced symptomatology.
“children with ADHD participating in counselling displayed reduced symptomatology [32].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
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Animal-Assisted Interventions for Treatment of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders
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Self-citationDrop‐out rates in animal‐assisted psychotherapy – Results of a quantitative meta‐analysis
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Therapy Dogs in Couple and Family Therapy: A Therapist’s Perspective
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Effectiveness of Child-Focused Interventions for Externalizing Behavior: a Rapid Evidence Review
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Animal assisted therapy in pediatric mental health conditions: A review
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Human-Animal-Environment Interactions as a Context for Child and Adolescent Growth
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Understanding the Role of Human–Animal Interaction in the Family Context
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A relational developmental theory of human-animal interaction: A meta-synthesis and grounded theory
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Animal-Assisted Therapy for the Promotion of Social Competence: a Conceptual Framework
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- Authors
- Schuck, S. E. B., Emmerson, N. A., Fine, A. H., & Lakes, K. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- California State Polytechnic University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Attention Disorders
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-09-23
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 125-137
- ISSN
- 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1246
- PMC
- PMC4348044
- OpenAlex
- W1974247270
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 2.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001414, UL1TR000153, TR000153)
- U.S. Public Health Service (R01H066593)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- National Center for Research Resources (TR000153)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (L60 MD002127)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01H066593)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
- Keywords
- dog-assisted therapy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, cognitive behavioral therapy, group therapy, social skills, prosocial behavior, problematic behavior, ADHD symptom severity, animal-assisted interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Dogs, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Psychotherapy, Group, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
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