The role of animal assisted intervention on improving self-esteem in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Open accessAbstract
Self-esteem across multiple domains as measured by the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC; Harter, 1985; 2012) was evaluated in a recently completed randomized controlled trail examining Animal Assisted Intervention (AAI) with dogs for children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AHD) (n= 80, ages 7-9, 71% male). Baseline, mean ratings across all domains of the SPPC were consistent with that of published means for same age peers. All children rated themselves favorably, resulting in a non-normal distribution of scores. To test the hypothesis that AAI improves self-esteem, stratified Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tests (SAS NPAR1WAY procedure) were used to compare pre- to post-treatment ratings. Analyses indicated that scores of children’s self-perceptions in the domains of behavioral conduct, social, and scholastic competence, were significantly increased from baseline to post-treatment in the AAI group (Z = -2.320, p = .021, Z = -2.631, p = .008 and Z = -2.541, p = .011, respectively), whereas pre-post-treatment differences in self-perceptions were not found for the children in the treatment group without dogs. Findings for each SPPC sub-scale and respective correlations to skills of Executive Function (EF) and parent ratings of behavior are discussed. Immediate future directions include examining associations between improved self-perception and observed self-regulation in the course of intervention.
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Animal-assisted therapies have shown benefits in anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, or quality of life in children and adult populations.
“Animal-assisted therapies (AAT) have shown benefits in these variables in children and adult populations.”
From Effects of dog-assisted therapy in adolescents with eating disorders: A study protocol for a pilot controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
The Discussion and Conclusion report improvements in self-perceived competence and aspects of self-esteem among children with ADHD receiving animal-assisted intervention. They do not establish benefits for adults, or improvements in anxiety, depression, or quality of life; the Introduction mentions anxiety and depression as conditions that improving self-esteem might help prevent, not as measured benefits. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAAT sessions are significantly related to self-esteem improvements and reduced anxiety levels.
“Previous studies [15,17] showed a significant relationship between AAT sessions and self-esteem improvements and reduced anxiety levels [18,19,20].”
From Effects of dog-assisted therapy in adolescents with eating disorders: A study protocol for a pilot controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
The Results (Post intervention; page unavailable) report significant improvements in self-reported competence after animal-assisted intervention among children with ADHD. The paper mentions anxiety as a possible comorbidity but does not report a reduction in anxiety levels. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAAT seems to improve self-esteem in children and adolescents.
“Importantly, AAT seems to improve self-esteem in children and adolescents [15,56].”
From Effects of dog-assisted therapy in adolescents with eating disorders: A study protocol for a pilot controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
The Results (Post intervention) report improved self-rated behavioral, scholastic, and social competence after animal-assisted intervention in children with ADHD. The study involved children aged 7–9, so it does not establish the claim for adolescents or children generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe exact mechanisms behind self-esteem improvement after AAT are unknown.
“Although the exact mechanisms behind self-esteem improvement after AAT are unknown [15]”
From Effects of dog-assisted therapy in adolescents with eating disorders: A study protocol for a pilot controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Schuck, S. E. B., Johnson, H. L., Abdullah, M. M., Stehli, A., Fine, A. H., & Lakes, K. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- California State Polytechnic University (US)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schuck, Sabrina E. B.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-11-02
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 300-300
- ISSN
- 2296-2360 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6224337
- OpenAlex
- W2898754506
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Pediatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01H066539)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- animal-assisted interventions, dogs, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, self-esteem, self-perception, Self-Perception Profile for Children, behavior, social competence, scholastic competence, executive function, self-regulation
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