A Perspective on the Kinetics of Covalent and Irreversible Inhibition
Open accessAbstract
The clinical and commercial success of covalent drugs has prompted a renewed and more deliberate pursuit of covalent and irreversible mechanisms within drug discovery. A covalent mechanism can produce potent inhibition in a biochemical, cellular, or in vivo setting. In many cases, teams choose to focus on the consequences of the covalent event, defined by an IC 50 value. In a biochemical assay, the IC 50 may simply reflect the target protein concentration in the assay. What has received less attention is the importance of the rate of covalent modification, defined by k inact /K I . The k inact /K I is a rate constant describing the efficiency of covalent bond formation resulting from the potency (K I ) of the first reversible binding event and the maximum potential rate (k inact ) of inactivation. In this perspective, it is proposed that the k inact /K I should be employed as a critical parameter to identify covalent inhibitors, interpret structure-activity relationships (SARs), translate activity from biochemical assays to the cell, and more accurately define selectivity. It is also proposed that a physiologically relevant k inact /K I and an (unbound) AUC generated from a pharmacokinetic profile reflecting direct exposure of the inhibitor to the target protein are two critical determinants of in vivo covalent occupancy. A simple equation is presented to define this relationship and improve the interpretation of covalent and irreversible kinetics. 要約 共有結合薬の臨床的・商業的成功により、創薬における共有結合的・非可逆的機序に対する新たな、より計画的な追求が促されている。生化学、細胞、生体内環境において、共有結合的機序は強力な阻害作用を生み出す可能性がある。多くの事例で、研究チームはIC 50 値により定義される共有結合事象の結果に重点を置くことを選択している。だが生化学的測定では、IC 50 値は、その測定における標的タンパク質濃度を反映しているに過ぎない。一方、k inact /K I により定義される共有結合修飾速度の重要性については、注目度はあまり高くない。k inact /K I は、最初の可逆的結合事象の強さ(K I )と不活化の最大可能速度(k inact )から導かれる共有結合形成効率を説明する速度定数である。この視点で、k inact /K I を、共有結合的阻害の特定、構造-活性化関係(SAR)の解釈、生化学的測定で得られた活性の細胞内活性への変換、選択性のより正確な定義に用いる重要なパラメータとして利用すべきであるという提案がなされている。また、阻害薬の直接的曝露量を標的タンパク質に反映する薬物動態学的プロファイルから生じる、生理学的に重要なk inact /K I と(非結合)AUCの2つが、生体内での共有結合的占有率の重要な決定因子であることも提案されている。この関係を定義し、共有結合的・非可逆的動態の解釈を向上させるために、単純な等式が示されている。 초록 공유결합 의약품의 임상적 및 상업적 성공으로 의약품 발견 단계에서 공유결합 및 비가역적 기전을 새로 만들고 보다 계획적으로 추구하도록 요청되었습니다. 공유결합 기전으로 생화학, 세포 또는 생체내 환경에서 강력한 억제를 생성할 수 있습니다. 대부분의 경우, 팀에서는 IC 50 값으로 정의된 공유결합 반응 결과에 중점을 두기를 원합니다. 생화학적 분석법에서, IC 50 은 분석법에서 단순히 표적 단백질 농도를 나타내는 것일 수 있습니다. k inact /K I 로 정의된 공유결합 수정 비율의 중요성에 대한 관심은 적었습니다. k inact /K I 는 첫 번째 가역적 결합 반응의 역가(K I ) 및 불활성화 최대 전위 속도(k inact )로 인한공유결합 형성의 효율을 설명하는 속도 상수입니다. 이 관점에서, k inact /K I 가 공유결합 억제제를 확인하고, 구조 활성 관계(SAR) 해석하며, 생화학적 분석법을 통한 세포 활성을 명백히 밝히고, 선택성을 보다 정확하게 정의하는 중요한 매개변수로 활용되어야 한다고 제안됩니다. 또한, 생리적으로 관련 있는 k inact /K I 및 표적 단백질에 대한 억제제의 직접적 노출을 나타내는 약동학 프로필에서 생성된 (비결합) AUC가 생체내 공유결합 점유율의 두 가지 중요한 결정 요인인 것으로 제시됩니다. 이 관련성을 정의하고 공유결합 및 비가역적 약력학의 해석을 개선하기 위해 단순한 방정식이 제시됩니다. 摘要 共价键药物的临床和商业成功,促进了药物研发中对共价和不可逆抑制机制的全新且更深思熟虑的追求。共价机制可以在生化、细胞或体内环境中产生强效抑制作用。在很多情况下,研发团队把重点放在共价事件的结果上(使用 IC 50 值进行定义)。在生化检测中,IC 50 可以很简便地反映出要检测的靶蛋白质浓度。较不重视共价修饰的重要性(使用 k inact /K I 进行定义)。k inact /K I 是一个描述共价键形成效率的速率常数,通过首个可逆性结合事件的效价 (K I ) 和最大失活速率 (k inact ) 计算得出。从这个角度看,推测 k inact /K I 应用作确定共价键抑制剂、解释结构-活性关系 (SAR),将生化检测活性翻译至细胞以及准确定义选择性的关键参数。另外,推测由反映抑制剂对于靶蛋白质的直接暴露的药代动力学特性生成的生理相关 k inact /K I 和(非结合)AUC 是体内共价填充的两个主要决定因素。提出了一个简单公式,以定义这种关系并改善对共价和不可逆抑制的理解。 摘要 共價鍵藥物的臨床和商業成功,促進了藥物研發中對共價和不可逆抑制機制的全新且更有目標性的追求。共價機制可以在生化、細胞或體內環境中產生強效抑制作用。在很多情況下,研發團隊把重點放在共價事件的結果上(使用 IC 50 值進行定義)。在生化檢測中,IC 50 可以很簡單地反映出要檢測的靶蛋白質濃度。共價修飾的重要性獲得較少關注(使用 k inact /K I 進行定義)。k inact /K I 是一個描述共價鍵形成效率的速率常數,透過首個可逆性結合事件的效價 (K I ) 和最大失活速率 (k inact ) 計算得出。從這個角度看,推測 k inact /K I 應用作確定共價鍵抑制劑、解釋結構-活性關係 (SAR),將生化檢測活性翻譯至細胞以及準確定義選擇性的關鍵參數。另外,推測由反映抑制劑對於靶蛋白質的直接暴露的藥代動力學特性生成的生理相關 k inact /K I 和(非結合)AUC 是體內共價填充的兩個主要決定因素。提出了一個簡單公式,以定義這種關係並改善對共價和不可逆抑制的理解。
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The kinact/Ki second-order rate constant is preferred over IC50 for measuring covalent inhibitor potency because it describes potency in a time-independent manner.
“Although half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values are often used to measure the potency of covalent inhibitors, the kinact/Ki second-order rate constant (where Ki is the inhibition constant and kinact is the rate of enzyme inactivation) is preferred because it describes inhibitor potency in a time-independent manner212,213.”
From Advances in covalent drug discovery (2022) · cites this paper as [212]
Incomplete inhibition of a POI with SMIs may be tolerable, while complete depletion with a PROTAC might be detrimental if the POI is essential for normal cell function.
“The incomplete inhibition of a POI with SMIs may be tolerable [203], while their complete depletion with a PROTAC might be detrimental if the POI is essential for normal cell function.”
From Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are emerging therapeutics for hematologic malignancies (2020) · cites this paper as [203]
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- Authors
- Strelow, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Strelow, John M.
- ORCID
- Strelow, John M.
- Venue
- SLAS Discovery
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-20
- ISSN
- 2472-5552 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2527718275
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 0.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2017-06-01)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- SLAS DISCOVERY (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Click Chemistry and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Enzyme function and inhibition
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
- Keywords
- covalent inhibitors, irreversible inhibition, structure-activity relationship, drug selectivity, in vivo inhibition, covalent drug discovery
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Enzyme Inhibitors, Humans, Kinetics, Structure-Activity Relationship, Drug Discovery
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