Strategies for Discovering and Derisking Covalent, Irreversible Enzyme Inhibitors
Open accessAbstract
This article presents several covalent inhibitors, including examples of successful drugs, as well as highly selective, irreversible inhibitors of emerging therapeutic targets, such as fatty acid amide hydolase. Covalent inhibitors have many desirable features, including increased biochemical efficiency of target disruption, less sensitivity toward pharmacokinetic parameters and increased duration of action that outlasts the pharmacokinetics of the compound. Safety concerns that must be mitigated include lack of specificity and the potential immunogenicity of protein-inhibitor adduct(s). Particular attention will be given to recent technologies, such as activity-based protein profiling, which allow one to define the proteome-wide selectivity patterns for covalent inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. For instance, any covalent inhibitor can, in principle, be modified with a 'clickable' tag to generate an activity probe that is almost indistinguishable from the original agent. These probes can be applied to any living system across a broad dose range to fully inventory their on and off targets. The substantial number of drugs on the market today that act by a covalent mechanism belies historical prejudices against the development of irreversibly acting therapeutic small molecules. Emerging proteomic technologies offer a means to systematically discriminate safe (selective) versus deleterious (nonselective) covalent inhibitors and thus should inspire their future design and development.
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Possible toxicity arising from protein haptenization is a potential risk of covalent PPI inhibitors.
“Possible toxicity arising from protein haptenization is also a potential risk of covalent PPI inhibitors [133, 134].”
From The design and development of covalent protein-protein interaction inhibitors for cancer treatment (2020) · cites this paper as [133]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Johnson, D. S., Weerapana, E., & Cravatt, B. F.
- Affiliations
- Pfizer (United States) (US)
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- Venue
- Future Medicinal Chemistry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 949-964
- ISSN
- 1756-8919 (ISSN-L)
- 1756-8927
- PMC
- PMC2904065
- OpenAlex
- W2114163388
- Cited by
- 387
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 9.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Future Medicinal Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (U54MH084512)
- National Cancer Institute (R37CA087660)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM090294)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Click Chemistry and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Enzyme function and inhibition
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
- Keywords
- covalent inhibitors, irreversible enzyme inhibitors, fatty acid amide hydrolase, activity-based protein profiling, off-target selectivity, immunogenicity, drug safety, drug discovery strategies
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Enzyme Inhibitors, Humans, Proteome, Protein Array Analysis, Drug Discovery
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