Cited by 91Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionPain Mechanisms and Treatments

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The Positive Consequences of Pain: A Biopsychosocial Approach

Bastian, Brock, Jetten, Jolanda, Hornsey, Matthew J., Leknes, Siri·2014·Personality and Social Psychology Review

DOI 10.1177/1088868314527831

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Abstract

Pain is mostly thought of as a problem—as debilitating or harmful. Despite its unpleasantness, however, under some conditions pain can be associated with positive consequences. In this review, we explore these positive biological, psychological, and social consequences of pain. We highlight three different domains in which pain may be considered to have positive consequences. First, pain facilitates pleasure by providing an important contrast for pleasurable experiences, increasing sensitivity to sensory input, and facilitating self-rewarding behavior. Second, pain augments self-regulation and enhancement by increasing cognitive control, reducing rumination, and demonstrating virtue. Third, pain promotes affiliation by arousing empathy from others, motivating social connection, and enhancing group formation. Drawing on evidence scattered across a range of academic fields, we provide for reflection on how pain is represented, generate insights into pain-seeking behavior, and draw attention to the role of painful experiences in maximizing positive outcomes.

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Authors: Bastian, B., Jetten, J., Hornsey, M. J., & Leknes, S.
Affiliations: UNSW Sydney (AU)
The University of Queensland (AU)
University of Oslo (NO)
ORCID: Bastian, Brock
Jetten, Jolanda
Hornsey, Matthew J.
Leknes, Siri
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2014-04-12
Volume: 18
Issue: 3
Pages: 256-279
ISSN: 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
1532-7957
DOI: 10.1177/1088868314527831
OpenAlex: W2123676445
Cited by: 91
References: 354
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 17.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: pain, pleasure, contrast effects, self-regulation, cognitive control, rumination, virtue, empathy, social affiliation, group formation

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The Positive Consequences of Pain: A Biopsychosocial Approach

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