Cited by 620Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchPublic Health and Social InequalitiesHealth disparities and outcomes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Racial capitalism: a fundamental cause of novel coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic inequities in the United States.

Open access

Laster Pirtle, Whitney N.·2020·Health Education & Behavior

DOI 10.1177/1090198120922942PMC PMC7301291

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Racial capitalism is a fundamental cause of the racial and socioeconomic inequities within the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in the United States. The overrepresentation of Black death reported in Detroit, Michigan is a case study for this argument. Racism and capitalism mutually construct harmful social conditions that fundamentally shape COVID-19 disease inequities because they (a) shape multiple diseases that interact with COVID-19 to influence poor health outcomes; (b) affect disease outcomes through increasing multiple risk factors for poor, people of color, including racial residential segregation, homelessness, and medical bias; (c) shape access to flexible resources, such as medical knowledge and freedom, which can be used to minimize both risks and the consequences of disease; and (d) replicate historical patterns of inequities within pandemics, despite newer intervening mechanisms thought to ameliorate health consequences. Interventions should address social inequality to achieve health equity across pandemics.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/1090198120922942

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2626958 · Cited by 5,722
Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition
Robinson, C. J. (1985) · Labour / Le Travail · doi:10.2307/25142575 · Cited by 5,171
Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health
Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1093/phr/116.5.404 · Cited by 3,153
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
Hauhart, R. C. (2011) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/0094306111419111 · Cited by 2,743
Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (1995) · PubMed · doi:10.13016/rpln-eiwa · Cited by 2,684
Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: theory, evidence, and policy implications
Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., & Tehranifar, P. (2010) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510383498 · Cited by 2,533
The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America
Pattillo, M. E. (2018) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/0094306118792220ll · Cited by 2,263
Social Ecological Approaches to Individuals and Their Contexts: Twenty Years of Health Education & Behavior Health Promotion Interventions
Golden, S. D., & Earp, J. A. L. (2012) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198111418634 · Cited by 1,394
STRUCTURAL RACISM AND HEALTH INEQUITIES: Old Issues, New Directions
Gee, G. C., & Ford, C. L. (2011) · Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x11000130 · Cited by 1,388
Is Racism a Fundamental Cause of Inequalities in Health?
Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2015) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112305 · Cited by 1,363

Show all 22 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

Goh J. X. (2020). Perceived vulnerability to disease predicts restrictive policy supports in response to the 2019-nCoV (“Wuhan Virus”) outbreak. PsyArXiv. https://psyarxiv.com/52bw4/
Johnson W. (Ed.). (2017). Race, capitalism, justice forum 1. Boston Review. https://bostonreview.net/forum-i
National Medical Association, 2015, National Medical Association 113th Annual Convention and Scientific Assembly, Family Medicine Section
Witsil F. (2020, April 2). Driver who said woman coughed on his bus has died of coronavirus. Detroit Free Press. https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/04/02/detroit-bus-drivers-dead-covid-19/5115450002/

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 620

Examining the Relationship between Anti-Black Racism, Community and Police Violence, and COVID-19 Vaccination
Quinn, K. G., Hunt, B. R., Jacobs, J., Valencia, J., Voisin, D. R., & Walsh, J. L. (2023) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2023.2244626 · Cited by 6
Fever dreams: W. E. B. Du Bois and the racial trauma of COVID-19 and lynching
Oeur, F. B. (2020) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2020.1849756 · Cited by 6
Doubling Down on Racial Capitalism during COVID-19: Qualitative Interviews with Bank Employees
Friedline, T. L., Wood, A. K., Wheatley, M., Oh, S., & Zheng, H. (2021) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162211061277 · Cited by 6
Public perceptions during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada: a demographic analysis of self-reported beliefs, behaviors, and information acquisition
Leigh, J. P., Brundin‐Mather, R., Soo, A., FitzGerald, E. A., Mizen, S. J., Dodds, A., Ahmed, S. B., Burns, K. E. A., Plotnikoff, K. M., Rochwerg, B. N., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13058-3 · Cited by 9
Socio-demographic factors and COVID-19 experiences predict perceived social support and social media engagement among college students in the U.S.
Watkins, N. K., & Dubar, R. T. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2082843 · Cited by 6
Political and Social Drivers of COVID-19 Prevention and Climate Change Behaviors and Attitudes
Latkin, C. A., Hendrickson, Z. M., Dayton, L., & Bonneau, H. (2023) · Climate · doi:10.3390/cli11030053 · Cited by 6
A Call for a Transformative Public Health Training: The Necessity of Abolition
Zovic, H. L., Riley, T., Perez‐Bill, E., Dsouza, N., & MITCHELL, C. M. (2023) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981231177085 · Cited by 7
Policies enacted during COVID-19 came with unintended health benefits: why go back?
Martinez, L. S. S., Scott, J. C., Rocco, M., Rajabiun, S., Flores-Rodriguez, C., Cummings, R., McKinney-Prupis, E., Minott, M., Walker-Jones, J., Downes, A., et al. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09448-x · Cited by 5
e–Mental Health Program to Prevent Psychological Distress Among French-Speaking International Students in a Linguistic-Cultural Minority Context (Ottawa, Alberta, and Quebec): Protocol for the Implementation and Evaluation of Psy-Web
Beogo, I., Ramdé, J., Anne, A., Gagnon, M., Sia, D., & Nguemeleu, E. T. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/47059 · Cited by 7
Dynamic neighborhood isolation and resilience during the pandemic in America's 50 largest cities
Zhai, W., Liu, M., & Han, Y. (2024) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2024.105260 · Cited by 6
Climate Justice Perspectives and Experiences of Nurses and Their Community Partners
LeClair, J., Dudek, A., & Zahner, S. J. (2024) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.12690 · Cited by 4
“Each one of us did the best we could for the community, while also supporting each other”: community residents’ perspectives on community health worker (CHW) response during the COVID-19 pandemic - a community science worker-led qualitative study
Michelen, M., Galeana, B. L., Zárate, S., Tanjasiri, S. P., Donaldson, L., Cantero, P. J., Chirinos, N., Salazar, R., Foo, M. A., Peralta, S., et al. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22497-7 · Cited by 5
“Doing one's work” in entrepreneurship studies: interpellation, distraction, disruption and transformation
Dy, A. M. (2021) · International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1108/ijge-01-2021-0016 · Cited by 7
Narrative trajectories of disaster response: ethical preparedness from Katrina to COVID-19
Iwai, Y., Holdren, S., Rosen, L. T., & Hu, N. Y. (2021) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2021-012194 · Cited by 5
The Impact of COVID-19 on Experiences of Food Insecurity Across Place: A Qualitative Research Protocol
Bowen, S., Hardison‐Moody, A., Eshleman, K., Hossfeld, C. M. L., Maaita, M., Muhammad, N., Shisler, R. C., & Solórzano, G. J. L. (2021) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069211062416 · Cited by 5
Representation and Anti-Racist Policymaking in U.S. Cities during COVID-19
Farris, E. M., Holman, M. R., & Sullivan, M. E. (2022) · Representation · doi:10.1080/00344893.2021.2017335 · Cited by 5
Interventions on Socioeconomic and Racial Inequities in Respiratory Pandemics: a Rapid Systematic Review
Renson, A., Dennis, A. C., Noppert, G. A., McClure, E. S., & Aiello, A. E. (2022) · Current Epidemiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40471-022-00284-x · Cited by 7
The impact of capitalism on mental health
Eisenberg‐Guyot, J., & Prins, S. J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198861478.003.0022 · Cited by 15
Evaluating disparities by social determinants in hospital admission decisions for patients with COVID-19 quaternary hospital early in the pandemic
Olds, P., Musinguzi, N., Geisler, B. P., & Haberer, J. E. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000033178 · Cited by 5
The eternal return of normality
Sanò, G. (2022) · ANUAC. · doi:10.7340/anuac2239-625x-4930 · Cited by 5
Epidemiological approaches to multivariable models of health inequity: A study of race, rurality, and occupation during the COVID-19 pandemic
Zadeh, H., Curran, M., Castillo, N. D., Morales, C., Dukes, K., Martinez, D. A., Salinas, J. L., Bryant, R., Bojang, M., & Carvour, M. L. (2024) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.04.008 · Cited by 5
Under different umbrellas: intersectionality and alliances in US feminist politics
Ferree, M. M. (2021) · European Journal of Politics and Gender · doi:10.1332/251510820x16068343934216 · Cited by 5
Small-Area Analyses Using Public American Community Survey Data: A Tree-Based Spatial Microsimulation Technique
Graetz, N., Ummel, K., & Cohen, D. A. (2021) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.1177/00811750211057572 · Cited by 5
Good Law to Fight Bad Bugs: Legal Responses to Epidemics
Heimer, C. A., & Davis, C. (2022) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-050420-113513 · Cited by 5
Navigating Transfer “Pivotal Points” in Challenging Contexts: A Longitudinal Investigation of STEM Transfer Students’ Pathways During COVID-19
Thiry, H., Harper, R. P., & Zahner, D. G. H. (2023) · Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory & Practice · doi:10.1177/15210251231161576 · Cited by 5
Waves of Ableism: Affective Arrangements in the Time of COVID-19
Abrams, T., & Orsini, M. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Disability Studies · doi:10.15353/cjds.v11i3.930 · Cited by 5
When a pandemic intensifies racial terror
Ravindran, T. (2020) · City · doi:10.1080/13604813.2020.1833541 · Cited by 5
International View at Health: World after Pandemic COVID-19
Melnyk, Y. B. (2020) · International Journal of Science Annals · doi:10.26697/ijsa.2020.2.4 · Cited by 5
PARTICULATES//Tulips: (Or, Estimating Respiratory Effects of Ambient Air Pollution and COVID-19 Using a Policing-Climate Adjusted Hazard Function)
Petteway, R. J. (2021) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839921996263 · Cited by 5
COVID-19 and the Homelessness Support Sector
Babando, J., Woodmass, K., & Graham, J. R. (2022) · International Journal on Homelessness · doi:10.5206/ijoh.2022.1.13830 · Cited by 5
Introducing the Rapid Assessment of COVID Evidence (RACE ) Series
Ford, C. L., & Amani, B. (2022) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.32.1.69 · Cited by 5
Troubling America's historical waters: Toward the transdisciplinary study of U.S. lynchings as an active present
Lewis, D. F. (2021) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12931 · Cited by 5
Strength-Based Solidarity: Shared Strengths as a Novel Pathway Toward Holistic and Sustained Intraminority Solidarity
Pham, M. D., Chaney, K. E., & Garr‐Schultz, A. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683251392766 · Cited by 5
White by default: conceptual and methodological limits of binary white logic in global health equity research
Malinowska, J. K. (2026) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-026-10330-w · Cited by 5
Public Health Students’ Perspectives on the Future of Public Health Education
Le, C., Robinson, N., Neubauer, L. C., & Fleming, P. J. (2023) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981231179506 · Cited by 4
Sick and tired: A quantitative analysis of paid sick leave access and psychological distress by race and gender
Swanson-Varner, R. T., & Nadon, M. L. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100372 · Cited by 5
Development and Validation of an Index to Measure and Quantify Pet-Related Barriers to Healthcare Access and Utilization
Applebaum, J. W., Tomlinson, C. A., McDonald, S. E., Escobar, K., Widmeyer, M., Fabelo, H. E., & Cook, R. L. (2024) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2024.2430820 · Cited by 4
Pandemic Im/Mobility as Opportunity: Middle‐Class Asian Migrant Women in Australia
Ang, S., Song, J., & Pan, Q. (2025) · Asia Pacific Viewpoint · doi:10.1111/apv.12436 · Cited by 4
From dealer to doctor: A case study examining how Purdue Pharma sought to leverage racial health disparities to attenuate flagging OxyContin sales
Rosenman, E., Buck, R. K., Anjum, N., Thompson, L., Rist, J., Banuna, L., Dolgoff, E., Hartmann, S., Lelei, S., Feng, Z., et al. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118132 · Cited by 4
Reversing the catastrophe of neoliberal-led global capitalism in the time of coronavirus: Towards a democratic socialist alternative
Neilson, D. (2021) · Capital & Class · doi:10.1177/0309816821997114 · Cited by 4
Challenges, consequences, and possible paths for confronting post-COVID-19 health inequalities and vulnerabilities
de Miranda, W. D., Silveira, F., dos Santos, F. P., Júnior, H. M. M., & Paes-Sousa, R. (2022) · Saúde em Debate · doi:10.1590/0103-11042022e811 · Cited by 4
Dual pandemics? Assessing associations between area racism, COVID-19 case rates, and mental health among U.S. adults
Donnelly, R., Remani, B., & Erving, C. L. (2023) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100248 · Cited by 5
Psychological distress and life satisfaction among Black working adults in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic
Alang, S., Harris, L. K. K., & Carter, C. R. (2023) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100267 · Cited by 5
High stress, high demand and high pressure: Experiences of social work and human services agencies during Melbourne's COVID‐19 lockdowns
Haralambous, B., Egan, R., O’Keeffe, P., Baskarathas, S., Heales, E., Jerono, C., & Thompson, S. (2024) · Australian Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1002/ajs4.325 · Cited by 4
Whisper network knowledge of BAME women in academia: a critical realist, critical race feminist theory model of theorising inequality regimes
Dy, A. M. (2024) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-03-2023-0093 · Cited by 4
Patterns in Receiving Informal Help With Childcare Among U.S. Parents During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Yang, Y. M., Zang, E. X., & Calarco, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x241257242 · Cited by 4
Social inequalities in self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazilian adults: PNAD COVID-19
Rocha, M. A., de Mattos, C. N. B., & Pattussi, M. P. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1980-549720240042 · Cited by 4
Stability and Volatility in the Contextual Predictors of Working-Age Mortality in the United States
Montez, J. K., Monnat, S. M., Wiemers, E., Wolf, D. A., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465241271072 · Cited by 4
Flexible Austerity: Negotiating the Unequal Effects of Resource Shortages in Racialized Organizations
Brewer, A. E. (2024) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224241282307 · Cited by 5
Race, wealth and health: The role of reparations
Whittaker, S., Hyacinthe, M.-F., Keene, D. E., Dulin, A., Kershaw, T., & Warren, J. L. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.117963 · Cited by 4
Faces of hunger: an intersectional approach to children's right to food in the United Kingdom
Morris, K. (2022) · Journal of Law and Society · doi:10.1111/jols.12397 · Cited by 4
The urban process and city building under racial capitalism: Reflections on Prentiss A. Dantzler’s “The urban process under racial capitalism: Race, anti-Blackness, and capital accumulation”
Taylor, H. L. (2023) · Journal of Race Ethnicity and the City · doi:10.1080/26884674.2023.2279431 · Cited by 4
Racial and ethnic variation in the relationship between parental educational similarity and infant health
Rangel, D. E., & Rauscher, E. A. (2024) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100887 · Cited by 4
In the 2020 US election, we can choose a just future
Boyd, R. W., Krieger, N., & Jones, C. P. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32140-1 · Cited by 4
Desigualdad social y étnico-racial frente a la covid-19 en Estados Unidos
de Guadalajara, U., Canales, A. I., Fernández, D. C., & de México, U. A. D. E. (2020) · Migración y Desarrollo · doi:10.35533/myd.1835.ac.dcf · Cited by 4
Tied Infections: How Social Connectedness to Other COVID-19 Patients Influences Illness Severity
Yan, X., Qu, T., Sperber, N., Lu, J., Fan, M., & Cornwell, B. T. (2021) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027642211003138 · Cited by 4
Why Race and Ethnicity Are Not Like Other Risk Factors
Valles, S. A. (2021) · Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.5195/pom.2021.52 · Cited by 4
Local Knowledge and Participation in the Covid-19 Response
Lenhardt, A. (2021) · doi:10.19088/cc.2021.005 · Cited by 4
A Public Health Agenda for the 2020s
Freudenberg, N. (2021) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2021.306481 · Cited by 4
Patterns in Receiving Informal Help with Childcare Among US Parents During the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Zang, E. X., Yang, Y. M., & Calarco, J. M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4108245 · Cited by 5
Voyage dans l’espace du (M)Anthropocène blanc avec Elon Musk
Tola, M. (2021) · Nouvelles Questions Féministes · doi:10.3917/nqf.402.0068 · Cited by 3
“We are in a very precarious position”: Exploring the resilience of Khawaja Sara and Hijra communities during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan
Alamgir, A., Gray, E., Kelly, P., & Brown, S. (2024) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/13634607241264955 · Cited by 3
Dialectical Processes of Health Framework as an Alternative to Social Determinants of Health Framework
Friedman, S. R., Walters, S. M., Jordan, A. E., Perlman, D. C., Nikolopoulos, G. K., Mateu‐Gelabert, P., Rossi, D., & Eisenberg‐Guyot, J. (2025) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2025.308239 · Cited by 3
Food oppression in the United Kingdom: A study of structural race and income-based food access inequalities
Morris, K. (2023) · Journal of Human Rights · doi:10.1080/14754835.2023.2259423 · Cited by 3
Past Is Prologue: Dismantling Colonial Legacies to Advance Black Health Equity in the United States
Alang, S., Carter, C. R., & Blackstock, O. J. (2023) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2023.0226 · Cited by 3
How should we do racially just research? Learning from a qualitative study on COVID-19 pandemic experiences in the UK
Rai, T., Dowrick, A., Qureshi, K., Munro, H., Wild, C. E. K., Douglas, J., & Ziébland, S. (2024) · Journal of Critical Public Health · doi:10.55016/ojs/jcph.v1i2.77774 · Cited by 3
Nationalism and Global Citizenship in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Addressing Inequality and Fostering “Glo-Ubuntu” Citizenship
Dotsey, S., Oberle, H., Lumley‐Sapanski, A., & Peters, M. K. (2025) · World · doi:10.3390/world6030087 · Cited by 4
A call for epidemic modeling to examine historical and structural drivers of racial disparities in infectious disease
Cassels, S. L., & Abbeele, S. V. D. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113833 · Cited by 3
Why Race and Ethnicity Are Not Like Other Risk Factors
Valles, S. A. (2021) · Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.5195/philmed.2021.52 · Cited by 3
Pandemics, Socioeconomic Gaps, and Macroeconomic Policy: The Ugly Truth Highlighted by COVID-19
Buder, I., & Jennings, J. (2021) · Forum for Social Economics · doi:10.1080/07360932.2021.1997781 · Cited by 3
Equity for All? Black Students and Locally Controlled Funding
Greer, W., & Kressler, B. (2022) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/00420859221119174 · Cited by 3
It Didn’t Go Away: The Political and Social Determinants of COVID-19 Mortality Rates across Counties in the United States
Rambotti, S., Wolski, C., & Anderson, K. F. (2023) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid3030027 · Cited by 3
Ureterocalicostomy Using Native Ureter in an Allograft Kidney: A Case Report
Salehipour, M., Hosseini, N., & Adib, A. (2023) · Experimental and Clinical Transplantation · doi:10.6002/ect.2023.0064 · Cited by 3
Social processes of oppression in the stratified economy and Veblenian feminist post Keynesian connections
Todorova, Z. (2023) · Journal of Post Keynesian Economics · doi:10.1080/01603477.2023.2254504 · Cited by 3
Manifestations of Racism
Elias, A. (2024) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83753-512-520241004 · Cited by 3
Is empowerment enough? Exploring lessons from the COVID ‐19 pandemic
Russell, M. B., & Zuccaroli, I. (2024) · Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.1111/fcsr.12508 · Cited by 3
The Racial Spectacular: Pandemic Governance Through Dashboards and State Biosecurity
Krupar, S. R., & Ehlers, N. (2024) · Science Technology & Human Values · doi:10.1177/01622439241265641 · Cited by 3
COVID-19 School Closure Experiences in rural Alaska and reimagining the Roles of Education and Teachers
Kaden, U., & Martin, K. (2020) · Northwest Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.15760/nwjte.2020.15.2.11 · Cited by 3
School Effectiveness in U.S. Amid Crisis: Moral Capacity Building for Social Justice Leadership
Easley, J., White-Smith, K. A., & Soto-Ruiz, N. (2021) · Educational governance research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74497-7_9 · Cited by 3
The Coronavirus Crisis and the Consequences of COVID-19 Pan-Syndemic on Racial Health Inequalities and on Migrants
Perocco, F. (2021) · doi:10.30687/978-88-6969-532-2/010 · Cited by 3
Cultural political economy, crisis management, and COVID-19 in the United States
Mueller, J. C. (2021) · European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology · doi:10.1080/23254823.2021.1995773 · Cited by 3
Systemic Racism and the White Racial Frame
Misir, P. (2021) · SpringerBriefs in public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88766-7_3 · Cited by 2
Ohio under COVID
Sorrels, K. (2023) · University of Michigan Press eBooks · doi:10.3998/mpub.12396322 · Cited by 2
The Differential Effects of Pandemic Parenting
Windsor, L., & Crawford, K. F. (2021) · ADVANCE Journal · doi:10.5399/osu/advjrnl.2.3.4 · Cited by 3
Race and the politics of exclusion: The socio‐historical contexts of Black brutality and the emergence of the Black Lives Matter movement
Alfred, M. V. (2021) · New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education · doi:10.1002/ace.20421 · Cited by 6
They’re Dying in the Suburbs: COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Geography in Louisiana (USA)Preprint
Schnake-Mahl, A. S., & Bilal, U. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.20221341 · Cited by 3
Neighborhood-level Racial/Ethnic and Economic Inequities in COVID-19 Burden Within Urban Areas in the US and CanadaPreprint
Saha, S., & Feldman, J. M. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.20241018 · Cited by 3
Declining COVID-19 mortality risk ratios must be interpreted with caution
Zelner, J., & Naraharisetti, R. (2022) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2022-219176 · Cited by 3
“But Did You Die?”: Intimate Partner Violence as a Social Determinant of Health
Morrow, S. (2024) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/08861099241271198 · Cited by 2
Disentangling the Threat: Experimental Evidence on White Parents’ Racialized Perceptions of Multiple Dimensions of School Safety
Hailey, C. A., & Murray, B. (2025) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231251342831 · Cited by 2
The Power of Education Across the African Diaspora: Exploring New Solutions for Old Problems
Wallace, D. O., Freeman, K., Morrell, E., & Levin, H. M. (2021) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0161956x.2021.1921517 · Cited by 3
Social Determinants of Health Approach to Facilitate Fulfillment of the U.S. Latinx Children’s Right to Personal Security: The Strong Communities Initiative as a Case Study
de Peralta, A. M. (2021) · Epidemiology International Journal · doi:10.23880/eij-16000181 · Cited by 2
The Paradox of Hope: A Psychodynamic Approach to Understanding the Motivations of Young People Engaged in Violent Extremism
Bragin, M. (2021) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2021.2007685 · Cited by 2
Geografia das disparidades em saúde entre brancos e negros em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul
Polidoro, M., Mahoche, M., de Bairros, F. S., Meneghel, S. N., Rainone, F. N., & Canavese, D. (2023) · Cadernos Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1414-462x202331010454 · Cited by 7
Globale Gesundheit dekolonisieren! Globale Sorgeketten und Sorgeextraktivismus während der Pandemie
Wichterich, C. (2023) · FEMINA POLITICA – Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft · doi:10.3224/feminapolitica.v32i1.06 · Cited by 2
Death world economy: Race, meat-processing plants, and COVID-19
Fukushima, A. I., Gaytán, M. S., & Gutiérrez, L. A. (2023) · Environment and Planning C Politics and Space · doi:10.1177/23996544231208196 · Cited by 2
Introduction to Anti-Racist Feminist Practice, Advocacy, and Activism Special Issue
Bogen, K. W., O’Shaughnessy, T., & Shodiya-Zeumault, S. (2023) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2023.2280419 · Cited by 2
A Qualitative Exploration of Research-School Partnerships During COVID: How to Better Serve Our Community Partners During Times of Crisis
Schwartz, K. T. G., Shippen, N. A., Lejeune, J., Zolli, N., Massey, C. S., Chronis-Tuscano, A. M., & Meinzer, M. C. (2024) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2024.2330393 · Cited by 2
Intersectionality and the Association Between State-Level Structural Racism, Binge Alcohol Consumption, and Smoking Status Among Black Americans
Woodard, N., Butler, J., Ghosh, D., Green, K. M., & Knott, C. L. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-02180-0 · Cited by 2
Has population mental health returned to pre-pandemic levels, among and between racialized groups and by immigration status?
Patler, C. C., & Langer, P. D. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100362 · Cited by 3

Authors: Laster Pirtle, W. N.
Affiliations: University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
ORCID: Laster Pirtle, Whitney N.
Venue: Health Education & Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2020-04-26
Volume: 47
Issue: 4
Pages: 504-508
ISSN: 1090-1981 (ISSN-L)
1552-6127
DOI: 10.1177/1090198120922942
PMC: PMC7301291
OpenAlex: W3019091879
Cited by: 619
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 69
FWCI: 163.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Health Education & Behavior (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Keywords: racial capitalism, COVID-19 pandemic, health disparities, racial disparities in mortality, African Americans, Detroit, racial residential segregation, homelessness, medical bias, social determinants of health, health equity, structural racism
MeSH terms: Health Equity, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Michigan, Pneumonia, Viral, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Coronavirus Infections, Capitalism, Health Status Disparities, Pandemics, Racism

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Racial capitalism: a fundamental cause of novel coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic inequities in the United States.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks