Neurocognitive Function Is Associated With Serum Iron Status in Early Adolescents
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The association between iron and neurocognition remains underexplored in adolescents, and the neurocognitive effects of low and high iron levels have yet to be established. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships of low and high iron levels with neurocognitive domains in early adolescents. METHOD: The sample comprised 428 adolescents (12.0 ± 0.4 years) from Jintan, China. Serum iron concentrations were analyzed from venous blood samples and classified into low, normal, and high levels according to the clinical reference range 75-175 μg/dl. Neurocognition was measured by the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery and Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Generalized linear regression was used to analyze relationships. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of iron deficiency, normal iron, and high iron were 13.8%, 76.4%, and 9.8%, respectively. Compared with normal levels, iron deficiency was associated with slower performance in tasks that measured abstraction and mental flexibility (β = 107.5, p = .03) and spatial processing ability (β = 917.2, p = .04). High serum iron was associated with less accuracy in the spatial processing ability task (β = -2.2, p = .03) and a longer reaction time in the task assessing abstraction and mental flexibility (β = 702.8, p = .046) compared to normal levels. CONCLUSION: Both iron deficiency and high iron levels contribute to reduced neurocognitive performance in a domain-specific manner in early adolescents. The dual burden of iron under- and overnutrition should be incorporated into future interventions for improving brain development and cognitive function in adolescents, especially in a Chinese context.
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Accumulated homocysteine is a suspected risk factor for cognitive dysfunction and dementia, although this point remains controversial.
“which is a suspected risk factor for cognitive dysfunction and dementia, although this point remains controversial [94,171,172].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [171]
In the same study, adolescents with excessive blood iron (above 175 μg/dL) displayed lower accuracy in spatial processing and longer reaction time in abstraction and mental flexibility, suggesting a safe window for iron benefits.
“adolescents with excessive blood iron (above 175 µg/dL) displayed a lower accuracy in the spatial processing ability task and a longer reaction time when abstraction and mental flexibility were assessed, suggesting the existence of a safe window for iron benefits [171].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [171]
In 428 Chinese adolescents aged 12 years with low iron status (below 75 μg/dL), performance was slower in tasks measuring abstraction and mental flexibility and spatial processing abilities were lower than in those with normal iron status.
“428 Chinese adolescents 12 years of age and with a low iron status (below 75 µg/dL) had slower performance in tasks that measured abstraction and mental flexibility and lower spatial processing abilities compared with those with normal iron status.”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [171]
In 428 Chinese adolescents aged 12 years, either iron deficiency or excessive iron levels contribute to reduced neurocognitive performance in a domain-specific manner, indicating that a balance should be found.
“Another study, in 428 Chinese adolescents aged 12 years, found that either iron deficiency or excessive iron levels contribute to reduced neurocognitive performance in a domain-specific manner [171], indicating that a balance should be found.”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [171]
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- Authors
- Ji, X., Cui, N., & Liu, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Jianghong
- Venue
- Biological Research For Nursing
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-02-15
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 269-277
- ISSN
- 1099-8004 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4175
- PMC
- PMC5675069
- OpenAlex
- W2588520772
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 1.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Research For Nursing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (K01ES015877, K02ES019878, R01ES018858, P30ES013508)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
- Keywords
- serum iron, iron deficiency, neurocognitive function, adolescents, spatial processing, reaction time, brain development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent Health, Adolescent, China, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Iron, Male, Neuropsychological Tests
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