Algorithmic risk governance: Big data analytics, race and information activism in criminal justice debates
Abstract
Meanings of risk in criminal justice assessment continue to evolve, making it critical to understand how particular compositions of risk are mediated, resisted and re-configured by experts and practitioners. Criminal justice organizations are working with computer scientists, software engineers and private companies that are skilled in big data analytics to produce new ways of thinking about and managing risk. Little is known, however, about how criminal justice systems, social justice organizations and individuals are shaping, challenging and redefining conventional actuarial risk episteme(s) through the use of big data technologies. The use of such analytics is shifting organizational risk practices, challenging social science methods of assessing risk, producing new knowledge about risk and consequently new forms of algorithmic governance. This article explores how big data reconfigure risk by producing a new form of algorithmic risk—a form of risk which is posited as different from the social science (psychologically) informed risk techniques already in use in many justice sectors. It also shows that new experts are entering the risk game, including technologists who make data public and accessible to a range of stakeholders. Finally, it demonstrates that big data analytics can be used to produce forms of usable knowledge that constitute types of ‘information activism’. This form of activism produces alternative risk narratives, which are focused on ‘criminogenic structures’ or ‘criminogenic policy’.
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These issues are usually ignored with the result that the concept of 'risk' is routinely used to produce and justify a range of governmental approaches to dealing with Indigenous offenders.
“These issues, nevertheless, are usually ignored with the result that the concept of 'risk' is routinely used to produce and justify a range of governmental approaches to dealing with Indigenous offenders (Hannah-Moffat, 2019).”
From Colonization, Normalization and Risk-Assessment: The Case of Youth Criminal Justice Act and Correctional Overrepresentation of Indigenous Youth in Canada (2025) · cites this paper as Hannah-Moffat, 2019
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Documenting the Document: The Forensic Hospital Report and Its Knowledge Moves
King, T. J., Shaw, J. D. M., & Kennedy, L. (2023) · Social & Legal Studies · doi:10.1177/09646639231187093 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Büyük Verinin Gücü Adına”: Siyasi Kampanyalarda Etkili Veri Kullanımı
Seyidov, İ. (2021) · TRT Akademi · doi:10.37679/trta.802534 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pains of privacy: Mapping carceral practices onto electronic monitoring
Kirk, G. (2024) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/13624806241257187 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rosbrook‐Thompson, J., Greer, C., McLaughlin, E., Ilan, J., Armstrong, G., Myers, C., Taylor, E., & Rojek, C. (2024) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azae089 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lv, T., Jiang, J., & Meng, Y. (2026) · Asian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11417-026-09493-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Digital Technologies in Russian Criminal Proceedings: Limits and Problems of Implementation
Borodinova, T. G. (2022) · Pravosudie / Justice · doi:10.37399/2686-9241.2022.1.71-86 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The persistent attractions of low-tech: Challenging the efficiency paradigm of forensic technology
Vestad, M. (2024) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/14613557241231164 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Nygren, K. G., Olofsson, A., Bowleg, L., Curran, D., Hannah‐Moffat, K., Mitchell, C. M., Peek, L., Ignacio Rubio, C., & Zinn, J. O. (2024) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2024.2340027 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation25 years of technology use in policing
Ugwudike, P. (2024) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/14613557241298863 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
COVID-19 Risks: Dynamics of Culture and Inequality Across Six Continents
Zinn, J. O., & Brown, P. R. (2022) · Critical studies in risk and uncertainty · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95167-2_1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Accelerated Pre-Trial Proceedings in the Russian Criminal Process: Formation of Optimal Models
KACHALOVA, O. V., & Gerasenkov, V. M. (2022) · Pravosudie / Justice · doi:10.37399/2686-9241.2022.1.103-121 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Extremism Machine: Exploring the Effects of Digital Capitalism on the Far-Right Field
Lindsay, A. (2024) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.25476043 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Barmaki, R. (2025) · International Criminology · doi:10.1007/s43576-025-00170-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.003.0003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Vestad, M. (2025) · Social & Legal Studies · doi:10.1177/09646639251363397 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Social Control Through Data Science Systems: A Conceptual Essay
Boers, K., Grimme, C., Huang, H., Kemme, S., Schaerff, M., & Singelnstein, T. (2025) · International Criminology · doi:10.1007/s43576-025-00204-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
AL-Khrisha, A. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Dynamics · doi:10.3389/fhumd.2026.1838858 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dias, S. A. D. J., Sátiro, R. M., & Limongi, R. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103145 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Termination of Criminal Proceedings on Dispositive Grounds: Compromise or Forgiveness?
Stelmakh, V. Y. (2022) · Pravosudie / Justice · doi:10.37399/2686-9241.2022.1.122-143 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hannah-Moffat, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Venue
- Theoretical Criminology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-03-22
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 453-470
- ISSN
- 1362-4806 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7439
- OpenAlex
- W2790702402
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 35.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Theoretical Criminology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Artificial Intelligence in Law
- Keywords
- big data analytics, information activism, race, risk narratives, social justice organizations, criminal justice organizations
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