The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Algorithmic risk governance: Big data analytics, race and information activism in criminal justice debates
Abstract
Meanings of risk in criminal justice assessment continue to evolve, making it critical to understand how particular compositions of risk are mediated, resisted and re-configured by experts and practitioners. Criminal justice organizations are working with computer scientists, software engineers and private companies that are skilled in big data analytics to produce new ways of thinking about and managing risk. Little is known, however, about how criminal justice systems, social justice organizations and individuals are shaping, challenging and redefining conventional actuarial risk episteme(s) through the use of big data technologies. The use of such analytics is shifting organizational risk practices, challenging social science methods of assessing risk, producing new knowledge about risk and consequently new forms of algorithmic governance. This article explores how big data reconfigure risk by producing a new form of algorithmic risk—a form of risk which is posited as different from the social science (psychologically) informed risk techniques already in use in many justice sectors. It also shows that new experts are entering the risk game, including technologists who make data public and accessible to a range of stakeholders. Finally, it demonstrates that big data analytics can be used to produce forms of usable knowledge that constitute types of ‘information activism’. This form of activism produces alternative risk narratives, which are focused on ‘criminogenic structures’ or ‘criminogenic policy’.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Likewise, criminal courts use multiple predictive instruments, called”
From Technologies of Crime Prediction: The Reception of Algorithms in Policing and Criminal Courts (2021) · cites this paper as Hannah-Moffat 2018
In the citing paper
“These issues, nevertheless, are usually ignored with the result that the concept of 'risk' is routinely used to produce and justify a range of governmental approaches to dealing with Indigenous offenders (Hannah-Moffat, 2019).”
From Colonization, Normalization and Risk-Assessment: The Case of Youth Criminal Justice Act and Correctional Overrepresentation of Indigenous Youth in Canada (2025) · cites this paper as Hannah-Moffat, 2019
In the citing paper
“Overwhelmingly, the COMPAS dataset collected in Broward County [58] is used as evidence amongst our sources to suggest that ARA tools do or can exhibit biased and unfair performance when used in the real world.”
From Efficiency vs. Equity: A Structured Interdisciplinary Review of AI in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Several products currently on the market purport to indicate neighborhoods that are more likely to experience crime [58].”
From Efficiency vs. Equity: A Structured Interdisciplinary Review of AI in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“More importantly, a large dataset of criminal defendants from 2013 to 2014 in Broward County, which was using COMPAS, was compiled using public record requests [58].”
From Efficiency vs. Equity: A Structured Interdisciplinary Review of AI in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“These analyses uncovered that COMPAS recommended 24% longer sentences for young defendants [35] and that COMPAS was more than twice as likely to incorrectly identify a black defendant as a future criminal as compared to a white defendant [58] although Northpoint, the company that developed COMPAS, has disputed claims of bias in COMPAS [58].”
From Efficiency vs. Equity: A Structured Interdisciplinary Review of AI in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“These analyses uncovered that COMPAS recommended 24% longer sentences for young defendants [35] and that COMPAS was more than twice as likely to incorrectly identify a black defendant as a future criminal as compared to a white defendant [58] although Northpoint, the company that developed COMPAS, has disputed claims of bias in COMPAS [58].”
From Efficiency vs. Equity: A Structured Interdisciplinary Review of AI in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
Citations
Cites
boyd, D., & Crawford, K. (2012) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2012.678878 · Cited by 5,479
Big data: a revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-6804 · Cited by 3,657
Hacking, I. (1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511819766 · Cited by 3,585
Lazer, D., Pentland, A., Adamic, L., Aral, S., Barabási, A.-L., Brewer, D., Christakis, N., Contractor, N., Fowler, J., Gutmann, M., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1167742 · Cited by 3,365
Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor
Lebovits, H. (2018) · Public Integrity · doi:10.1080/10999922.2018.1511671 · Cited by 3,320
THE LOGIC OF CONNECTIVE ACTION: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics
Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2012.670661 · Cited by 3,116
Fair prediction with disparate impact: a study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments
Chouldechova, A. (2017) · Big Data · doi:10.1089/big.2016.0047 · Cited by 2,159
The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications
Feeley, M., & Simon, J. (1992) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01112.x · Cited by 2,109
The British Journal of Criminology
Bennett, T. H. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315086613-24 · Cited by 1,970
Networks of outrage and hope: social movements in the internet age
Hands, J. (2013) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2013.829514 · Cited by 1,897
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Gitlin T, 2012, Occupy Nation: The Roots, the Spirit, and the Promise of Occupy Wall Street
- 10.1177/0959353504042178 · DOI
- Harcourt BE, 2007, Against Prediction
- Lohr S, 2013, New York Times, F1
- Lupton D, 2015, Digital Sociology
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 234
Zekos, G. I. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98206-5_7 · Cited by 2
On the Concept and the Nature of Law
Alexi, R. (2022) · Pravosudie / Justice · doi:10.37399/2686-9241.2022.1.169-192 · Cited by 1
Coping with the Opportunities and Challenges of Smart Policing: A Research Model
Afzal, M. Y., & Panagiotopoulos, P. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15086-9_30 · Cited by 1
Big Data, régulation financière et trajectoires organisationnelles dans le secteur de l’assurance
Benoît, C., Devaux, F., & Tuffy, Y. (2022) · Sociologie du Travail · doi:10.4000/sdt.42322 · Cited by 1
Landmann, E., Siems, F., & Nguyen, B. D. (2023) · Europäische Kulturen in der Wirtschaftskommunikation · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-40705-6_8 · Cited by 1
Баласанов, М. Р. (2023) · Penitentiary Science · doi:10.46741/2686-9764.2023.62.2.008 · Cited by 1
Algorithmic Criminal Justice: Is It Just a Science Fiction Plot Idea?
Sachoulidou, A. (2023) · Law, governance and technology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41081-9_8 · Cited by 1
Leese, M. (2024) · Palgrave's critical policing studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68298-8_2 · Cited by 1
Electronic Format of Criminal Cases as a Leading Trend in Modern Criminal Proceedings
Калентьева, Т. А., & Bolgova, V. (2020) · International Conference on Social, Economic, and Academic Leadership (ICSEAL) · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.200526.067 · Cited by 1
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0004 · Cited by 3
Psychology and Law in the Era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: New Challenges and Problems
Park, K. (2020) · 한국심리학회지: 일반 · doi:10.22257/kjp.2020.12.39.4.481 · Cited by 1
Information And Communication Technologies In Crimes And Crime Prevention
Varygin, A., Yefremova, I. A., & Sevostyanov, R. A. (2022) · The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.15405/epsbs.2022.01.102 · Cited by 1
Sentencing in England and Wales
Harris, L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192859266.003.0002 · Cited by 1
Disciplinary Paternalism and Resistance in Ontario’s Forensic Mental Health System
Kennedy, L., Shaw, J. D. M., & King, T. J. (2023) · Critical Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10612-023-09714-8 · Cited by 1
Algoritmos de valoración de riesgo
Liñares, D. C. (2023) · Estudios Penales y Criminológicos · doi:10.15304/epc.44.8887 · Cited by 1
The Offender Personality Disorder Pathway
O’Loughlin, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191875434.003.0005 · Cited by 1
Oleson, J. C. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0296 · Cited by 1
Computational Social Welfare: Applying Data Science in Social Work
Ren, C., Stuart, M. A., & Chow, J. C. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195389678-0286 · Cited by 1
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.001.0001 · Cited by 1
Between Care and Control: Examining Surveillance Practices in Harm Reduction
Michaud, L., van der Meulen, E., & Guţă, A. (2023) · doi:10.32920/22726301.v1 · Cited by 1
The Rise of Technology and the Demise of the Sentencing Professions?
Tata, C. (2019) · Palgrave socio-legal studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01060-7_6
Organised crime in Red City : an ethnographic study of drugs, vice and violence
Berry, M. (2020) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Algorithmic Suspicion and Big Data Searches
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0007
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0008
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0006
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0002
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0001
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0005
Kaufman, N., & Welsh, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54222-1_21
Sentencing Dangerous Offenders in the Era of Predictive Technologies: New Skin, Same Old Snake?
Gurnham, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108891325.011
Ugwudike, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74837-1_5
Wulff, S. (2021) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1017/lsi.2021.64
Applications: From Personalised Medicine and Pricing to Political Micro-Targeting
Kohl, U., & Eisler, J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108891325.012
Themes: Personal Autonomy, Market Choices and the Presumption of Innocence
Kohl, U., & Eisler, J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108891325.007
Internet Entrepreneurship Psychology for College Students and Internet Financial Crimes Prevention
Li, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.892061
Львович, Б. С., Hayrapetyan, A. S., Garibian, K. K., & Penal Enforcement Inspectorate of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in Moscow, M. (2022) · Pravosudie / Justice · doi:10.37399/2686-9241.2022.1.87-102
Roman Iustitia Naturalis and Modern Positivist Justice
Kofanov, L. (2022) · Pravosudie / Justice · doi:10.37399/2686-9241.2022.1.144-168
On Some Topical Issues of Modern Philosophy of Law
Анатольевна, Ж. Т. (2022) · Pravosudie / Justice · doi:10.37399/2686-9241.2022.1.28-40
Harris, L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192859266.002.0007
Harris, L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192859266.002.0009
Harris, L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192859266.002.0003
Harris, L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192859266.003.0001
Harris, L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192859266.002.0004
Achieving consistency in sentencing
Harris, L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192859266.003.0010
Harris, L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192859266.002.0005
Harris, L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192859266.002.0008
Conceptualizing consistency in sentencing
Harris, L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192859266.003.0003
Harris, L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192859266.002.0010
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.002.0007
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.003.0005
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.002.0008
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.002.0004
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.003.0012
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.003.0001
Court orders for young offenders
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.003.0011
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.003.0002
Table of International Treaties and Conventions
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.002.0012
Impact on victims and offenders
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.003.0007
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.002.0009
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.002.0011
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.003.0009
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.003.0006
Punishment and rehabilitation in the community
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.003.0010
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.002.0010
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.003.0008
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.003.0004
Easton, S. M., & Piper, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863294.002.0003
Between Care and Control: Examining Surveillance Practices in Harm Reduction
Michaud, L., van der Meulen, E., & Guţă, A. (2023) · doi:10.32920/22726301
Organization and activity of the Soviet convoy guard in the early 1950s
Epifanov, A. (2023) · Penitentiary Science · doi:10.46741/2686-9764.2023.62.2.001
(2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80382-275-420231018
Racial Equity in Police Use of Social Media Monitoring SoftwarePreprint
Burkhardt, B. C., Borradaile, G., & Gelvin, B. (2023) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/rz2sp
Creating a Data and Technology-Enhanced Approach to Police Social Service Issues
Ban, C. C., & McNutt, J. G. (2023) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-8569-9.ch008
Preventive Detention and Human Rights
O’Loughlin, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191875434.003.0006
O’Loughlin, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191875434.002.0007
O’Loughlin, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191875434.003.0004
O’Loughlin, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191875434.002.0008
Culpability, Responsibility, and Personality Disorder
O’Loughlin, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191875434.003.0007
Personality Disorder: A Contested and Evolving Construct
O’Loughlin, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191875434.003.0002
O’Loughlin, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191875434.002.0006
O’Loughlin, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191875434.003.0001
O’Loughlin, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191875434.002.0005
O’Loughlin, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191875434.001.0001
O’Loughlin, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191875434.003.0008
López, Á. J. G., & Martín, M. J. R. (2024) · Revista Española de Sociología · doi:10.22325/fes/res.2024.225
Decolonizing Child Welfare: Social, Economic, Environmental, and Racial Justice
(2024) · Springer Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1891/9780826152855.0005
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.005.0004
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.005.0001
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.002.0006
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.005.0003
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.002.0003
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.005.0002
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.002.0008
Metadata
- Authors
- Hannah-Moffat, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Venue
- Theoretical Criminology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-03-22
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 453-470
- ISSN
- 1362-4806 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7439
- OpenAlex
- W2790702402
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 35.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Theoretical Criminology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Law › Artificial Intelligence in Law
- Keywords
- big data analytics, information activism, race, risk narratives, social justice organizations, criminal justice organizations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
