The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The effect of multilingualism, sociobiographical, and situational factors on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety of mature language learners
Abstract
The present study focuses on individual differences in levels of communicative anxiety (CA) and foreign language anxiety (FLA) in the first (L1), second (L2), third (L3) and fourth (L4) language of 106 adult language learners. Data were collected about CA/FLA levels when speaking with friends, with strangers, and speaking in public. The analyses revealed that multilinguals do experience more CA in stressful situations in their L1, but that levels of FLA are higher in languages learnt later in life. The knowledge of more languages was linked to lower levels of FLA in the L2. Female participants were only found to experience higher levels of CA in L1 public speech. Older participants tended to report higher levels of CA/FLA across languages. Rank orders for CA/FLA were significantly similar across the L1, L2, L3, and L4, which suggests that levels of CA/FLA are relatively stable and could be linked to a lower order personality trait such as emotional intelligence.
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“It is fair to say that SLA researchers have mostly focused on the negative face of emotion, with anxiety being the most studied topic (Dewaele, 2007;Horwitz, 2001;Lu & Liu, 2011;MacIntyre, 1999;MacIntyre & Gardner, 1991c;Saito, Garza, & Horwitz, 1999;Scovel, 1978; and for a review, see Horwitz's (2010) research timeline).”
From The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom (2014) · cites this paper as Dewaele, 2007
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Cites
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety
HORWITZ, E. K., HORWITZ, M. B., & COPE, J. (1986) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x · Cited by 5,697 · cited 2×
“For Horwitz and colleagues FLA is “a distinct complex of self perceptions, beliefs, feelings, and behaviors related to classroom learning arising from the uniqueness of the language learning process” (Horwitz et al., 1986, p.128).”
BackgroundThe Subtle Effects of Language Anxiety on Cognitive Processing in the Second Language
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1994) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01103.x · Cited by 1,823 · cited 3×
“Spielberger (1983) developed a Trait Anxiety Scale that was not specifically designed for language production and that showed no consistent link with L2 variables (MacIntyre & Gardner, 1989, 1994a).”
BackgroundMethodLanguage anxiety and achievement
Horwitz, E. (2001) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0267190501000071 · Cited by 1,573
The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space
Petrides, K. V., Pita, R., & Kokkinaki, F. (2007) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712606x120618 · Cited by 1,387
A Neurolinguistic Theory of Bilingualism
Paradis, M. (2004) · Studies in bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.18 · Cited by 1,176
THE EFFECT OF AFFECT ON FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING: A REVIEW OF THE ANXIETY RESEARCH
Scovel, T. (1978) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1978.tb00309.x · Cited by 1,145
AIDA, Y. (1994) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02026.x · Cited by 1,109 · cited 1×
“Negative correlations emerged between scores on the FLCAS and measures of L2 performance (Aida, 1994; Horwitz, 1986, 2001; Rodriguez & Abreu, 2003).”
BackgroundAnxiety and Speaking English as a Second Language
Woodrow, L. (2006) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/0033688206071315 · Cited by 1,098
Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language anxiety research suggest?
YOUNG, D. J. (1991) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05378.x · Cited by 1,041 · cited 2×
“FLA is complex and multidimensional: It is partly related to an individual’s personality, partly related to situational factors (formality of situation, number, sex, and identity of interlocutors) and partly linked to more general socioeducational and political factors (Dörnyei, 2005; Young, 1991).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Curran, C.A., 1976, Counselling-learning in second languages. Apple River, IL
- Dewaele, J.-M., 2001, Web questionnaire on bilingualism and emotion
- Dewaele, J.-M., 2008, Language Learning, 58
- Furnham, A., 1998, Personality and social behaviour
- Macintyre, P.D. (1999). Language anxiety: A review of the research for language teachers. In D. J. Young (Ed.), Affect in foreign language and second language teaching: A practical guide to creating a low-anxiety classroom atmosphere (pp.24-45). Boston : Mc Graw-Hill.
- Macintyre, P.D., 1994, Studies in SecondLanguageAcquisition, 16, 1
- Phillips, E.M., 1991, French Review, 65, 1
- Seo, M.-G., 2004, Academy of Management, 29, 423
- Sia, J., 2006, Birkbeck Studies in Applied Linguistics, 1, 1
- Sparks, R.-L., 1998, Language Testing, 15, 181
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom
Dewaele, J.-M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.5 · Cited by 1,757
Self-citationDewaele, J., Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. F. (2008) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00482.x · Cited by 538
Self-citationBotes, E., Dewaele, J.-M., & Greiff, S. (2020) · Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning · doi:10.52598/jpll/2/1/3 · Cited by 333
Self-citationThird Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer
Rothman, J., Alonso, J. G., & Puig‐Mayenco, E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014660 · Cited by 245
Dewaele, J. (2013) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.12036.x · Cited by 256
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Dewaele, J.-M.
- Affiliations
- Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dewaele, Jean-Marc
- ORCID
- Dewaele, Jean-Marc
- Venue
- International Journal of Bilingualism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 391-409
- ISSN
- 1367-0069 (ISSN-L)
- 1756-6878
- OpenAlex
- W2035901651
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 14.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Bilingualism (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Keywords
- communication apprehension, foreign language anxiety, multilingualism, adult language learners, individual differences, situational factors, language order, emotional intelligence, public speaking anxiety, gender differences, age differences
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