Digital welfare fraud detection and the Dutch SyRI judgment
Open accessAbstract
In 2020, a Dutch court passed judgment in a case about a digital welfare fraud detection system called Systeem Risico Indicatie (SyRI). The court ruled that the SyRI legislation is unlawful because it does not comply with the right to privacy under the European Convention of Human Rights. In this article we analyse the judgment and its implications. This ruling is one of first in which a court has invalidated a welfare fraud detection system for breaching the right to privacy. We show that the immediate effects of the judgment are limited. The judgment does not say much about automated fraud detection systems in general, because it is limited to the circumstances of the case. Still, the judgment is important. The judgment reminds policymakers that fraud detection must happen in a way that respects data protection principles and the right to privacy. The judgment also confirms the importance of transparency if personal data are used.
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Van Bekkum and Zuiderveen Borgesius note that the SyRI judgment's immediate legal implications are limited, even though it confirms the importance of transparency, data-protection principles and effective rights review in digital welfare administration.
“Van Bekkum and Zuiderveen Borgesius therefore note that its immediate legal implications are limited, even though it confirms the importance of transparency, dataprotection principles and effective rights review in digital welfare administration (Van Bekkum and Zuiderveen Borgesius, 2021).”
From Human-centric AI governance in the European Union. Accountability, fundamental rights, and institutional resilience in public administration (2026) · cites this paper as Van Bekkum and Zuiderveen Borgesius, 2021
Current international and national law does not establish legally binding requirements for XAI in tax.
“Current international and national law does not establish legally binding requirements for XAI in tax, 173 but some soft law instruments engage with matters of AI and explanation, which are scrutinized in section 4.2.”
From Towards eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in Tax Law: The Need for a Minimum Legal Standard (2022) · cites this paper as [173]
Some soft law instruments engage with matters of AI and explanation.
“Current international and national law does not establish legally binding requirements for XAI in tax, 173 but some soft law instruments engage with matters of AI and explanation, which are scrutinized in section 4.2.”
From Towards eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in Tax Law: The Need for a Minimum Legal Standard (2022) · cites this paper as [173]
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Mukhametov, D. R. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Bulletin of the Financial University · doi:10.26794/2226-7867-2026-16-2-95-102
Support for AI in Public Administration: A Comparative Study of the United Kingdom and Japan
Pickering, S., Hansen, M. E., & Sunahara, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/01900692.2026.2667201
Between Civic AI and the Agentic State: The Pathways of Post-Digital Democratic Governance
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Governing the Impact of AI Creation Systems in Public Administration
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“In doing so, SyRI embedded normative assumptions about deviance, compliance, and risk into a technical infrastructure that narrowed interpretive flex - ibility and plausibly amplified existing patterns of disadvantage (Vervloesem, 2020; van Bekkum & Borgesius, 2021).”
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“Although fairness-related harms of AI have been well documented [7, 39–45], the existing literature on FDS seldom considers fairness [24, 30, 33].”
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“…system intended for use by multiple authorities5, algorithmic indicators perpetuated existing societal biases regarding race and ethnicity as well as normative assumptions about gender, sexuality, and parenthood (Appelman et al., 2021; van Bekkum and Borgesius, 2021; van Schie et al., 2025).”
- Authors
- van Bekkum, M., & Borgesius, F. Z.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Borgesius, Frederik Zuiderveen
- Venue
- European Journal of Social Security
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-08-02
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 323-340
- ISSN
- 1388-2627 (ISSN-L)
- 2399-2948
- OpenAlex
- W3188403602
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 74.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Social Security (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Legal and Labor Studies
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Keywords
- SyRI, right to privacy, European Convention on Human Rights, automated decision-making, personal data protection, transparency, data protection principles, judicial decisions, social security benefits
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