Attention and amplification in the hybrid media system: The composition and activity of Donald Trump’s Twitter following during the 2016 presidential election
Abstract
Building on studies of the hybrid media system and attention economy, we develop the concept of amplification to explore how the activities of social media–based publics may enlarge the attention paid to a given person or message. We apply the concept to the 2016 US election, asking who constituted Donald Trump’s enormous Twitter following and how that following contributed to his success at attracting attention, including from the mainstream press. Using spectral clustering based on social network similarity, we identify key publics that constituted Trump’s Twitter following and demonstrate how particular publics amplified his social media presence in different ways. Our discussion raises questions about how algorithms “read” metrics to guide content on social media platforms, how journalists draw on social media metrics in their determinations of news value and worthiness, and how the process of amplification relates to possibilities of citizen action through digital communication.
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The presence of incel content on TikTok has the potential to legitimise and gather an audience and support for these beliefs, by exposing these messages to users who may not have discovered this information otherwise.
“The presence of incel content on TikTok has the potential to legitimise and gather an audience and support for these beliefs, by exposing these messages to users who may not have discovered this information otherwise (Zhang et al., 2018).”
From Mainstreaming the Blackpill: Understanding the Incel Community on TikTok (2023) · cites this paper as Zhang et al., 2018
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- Authors
- Zhang, Y., Wells, C., Wang, S., & Rohe, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Yini
- Venue
- New Media & Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-12-04
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3161-3182
- ISSN
- 1461-4448 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7315
- OpenAlex
- W2773019705
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 33.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New Media & Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Studies and Communication
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- Donald Trump, Twitter followers, amplification, hybrid media system, attention economy, 2016 US presidential election, spectral clustering, social media metrics, news values, algorithmic curation, civic action
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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