Why do volunteer content moderators quit? Burnout, conflict, and harmful behaviors
Abstract
Moderating content on social media can lead to severe psychological distress. However, little is known about the type, severity, and consequences of distress experienced by volunteer content moderators (VCMs), who do this work voluntarily. We present results from a survey that investigated why Facebook Group and subreddit VCMs quit, and whether reasons for quitting are correlated with psychological distress, demographics, and/or community characteristics. We found that VCMs are likely to experience psychological distress that stems from struggles with other moderators, moderation team leads’ harmful behaviors, and having too little available time, and these experiences of distress relate to their reasons for quitting. While substantial research has focused on making the task of detecting and assessing toxic content easier or less distressing for moderation workers, our study shows that social interventions for VCM workers, for example, to support them in navigating interpersonal conflict with other moderators, may be necessary.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Behind the Screen: Content Moderation in the Shadows of Social Media
ROBERTS, S. T. (2019) · Yale University Press · doi:10.2307/j.ctvhrcz0v · Cited by 339 · cited 20× · see citing works
“In contrast to research on CCMs, which shows that psychological distress is correlated with viewing toxic content, we found that psychological distress among VCMs may stem from struggles with other moderators, moderation team leads’ harmful behaviors, and too little available time.”
InfluentialThe Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online
Matias, J. N. (2019) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305119836778 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Dosono, B., & Semaan, B. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300372 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The psychological impacts of content moderation on content moderators: A qualitative study
Spence, R., Bifulco, A., Bradbury, P., Martellozzo, E., & DeMarco, J. (2023) · Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2023-4-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“, 2023) and a lack of support has been associated with quitting in volunteer moderators (Schöpke-Gonzalez et al., 2022).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSpence, R., & DeMarco, J. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15040487 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Paradoxes of Openness: Trans Experiences in Open Source Software
Frluckaj, H., Stevens, N., Howison, J., & Dabbish, L. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3687047 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Measuring the Mental Health of Content Reviewers, a Systematic Review
Gonzalez, A., & Matias, J. N. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.00244 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Yet the findings omit compassion satisfaction results for unknown reasons [162].”
Influential
- Authors
- Schöpke-Gonzalez, A. M., Atreja, S., Shin, H. N., Ahmed, N., & Hemphill, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hemphill, Libby
- Venue
- New Media & Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2022-12-04
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 5677-5701
- ISSN
- 1461-4448 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7315
- OpenAlex
- W4310676314
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 6.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New Media & Society (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1928434)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Emotional Labor in Professions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Keywords
- quitting, burnout, psychological distress, interpersonal conflict, harmful behavior, Facebook groups, subreddits, social media content moderation, time constraints
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review