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Cited by 5Open Source Software InnovationsSoftware Engineering Techniques and PracticesGender and Technology in Education

Paradoxes of Openness: Trans Experiences in Open Source Software

Open access
Frluckaj, Hana, Stevens, Nikki, Howison, James, Dabbish, Laura·2024·Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
DOI 10.1145/3687047
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Abstract

In recent years, concerns have increased over the lack of contributor diversity in open source software (OSS), despite its status as a paragon of open collaboration. OSS is an important form of digital infrastructure and part of a career path for many developers. While there exists a growing body of literature on cisgender women's under-representation in OSS, the experiences of contributors from other marginalized groups are comparatively absent from the literature. Such is the case for trans contributors, a historically influential group in OSS. In this study, we interviewed 21 trans participants to understand and represent their experiences in the OSS literature. From their experiences, we theorize two related paradoxes of openness in OSS: the paradox of openness and display and the paradox of openness and governance. In an increasingly violent world for trans people, we draw on our theorizing to build recommendations for more inclusive and safer OSS projects for contributors.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This qualitative interview study of 21 trans open source software contributors theorizes two paradoxes of openness: openness and display, and openness and governability. It shows how OSS visibility enables autonomy but also imposes record-management, witnessing, and moderation burdens that fall unevenly on trans contributors.

Key findings

  • Participants described screening projects for inclusivity before contributing; 15 of 21 stressed that a code of conduct matters only if enforced, since unenforced CoCs can create a false sense of safety.
  • Negative OSS experiences were mostly “hidden microaggressions” rather than direct attacks; participants said subtle discrimination was harder to address and contributed to burnout and dropout.
  • Positive experiences came from finding other trans contributors, trans iconography, pronouns, and queer/trans networks, which reduced the need to repeatedly explain gender identity.
  • Identity management involved deadnames in git/GitHub records, profile hiding, audience separation, and moderation labor; many participants reduced or paused OSS participation during transition, and moderation work often led to burnout.

Methods

  • Qualitative study with 21 trans OSS contributors; eligibility included being over 18, actively contributing in the past year, and at least 10 public contributions, except P14 with 4 contributions. Recruitment used convenience/snowball sampling plus GitHub and Twitter user searches; 56 people were contacted, 25 responded, and 21 were interviewed.
  • Semi-structured interviews averaged about 55 minutes (range 30–71), conducted remotely over Zoom, with one participant interviewed by email. Analysis used Straussian grounded theory with open, axial, and selective coding; member-checking emailed a draft to participants, with positive feedback from 3 participants.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: reliance on self-reported verbal accounts rather than activity logs; small sample of 21; recruitment through GitHub search skewed toward contributors comfortable disclosing publicly; the interviewer was not trans; English-language recruitment likely excluded non-English speakers; the sample was majority white and not globally representative; participants were predominantly programmers with technical contributions, while non-technical contributions were harder to discover.
  • Evident from the text: the paper reports “14 of our 21 participants were publicly out” but later states “Only 6 of our participants were not publicly out,” an internal inconsistency in how non-public participants are counted.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1145/3687047

Cites

103 of 103 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

15 of 76 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    Trans people are often mindful of potential perceived audiences and tailor their privacy settings, profile visibility, and online behaviors.

    “As a result, trans people are often mindful of potential perceived audiences and tailor their privacy settings, profile visibility, and online behaviors [24, 61, 87, 119], all parallels to women's behavior in OSS [33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [24] [24] Stefanie Duguay. 2016. 'He has a way gayer Facebook than I do': Investigating sexual identity disclosure and context collapse on a social networking site. New Media & Society 18, 6 (June 2016), 891-907. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1461444814549930 Publisher: SAGE Publications. -

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [61] [61] Eden Litt. 2012. Knock, Knock. Who's There? The Imagined Audience. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56, 3 (July 2012), 330-345. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.705195 Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.705195. - source

      The “Internet Skill” section (page unavailable) says social-network users adjust privacy settings to control their potential audience, and “The Actual/Imagined Audience Tension” discusses changing behavior for an imagined audience. The paper does not establish that trans people specifically often do so, so the population-specific claim is unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [87] [87] Morgan Klaus Scheuerman, Stacy M. Branham, and Foad Hamidi. 2018. Safe Spaces and Safe Places: Unpacking Technology-Mediated Experiences of Safety and Harm with Transgender People. Proceedings of the ACM on HumanComputer Interaction 2, CSCW (Nov. 2018), 155:1-155:27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274424 -

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [119]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [33] [33] Hana Frluckaj, Laura Dabbish, David Gray Widder, Huilian Sophie Qiu, and James D. Herbsleb. 2022. Gender and Participation in Open Source Software Development. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2 (Nov. 2022), 299:1-299:31. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555190 - source
  • Findingown data
    § 5.2 Managing and Protecting Identity in OSS · p. 10

    During transition, many participants cut ties with the 'toxic' people in their lives.

    “During transition, many of our participants cut ties with the 'toxic' people in their lives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § 5.2 Managing and Protecting Identity in OSS · p. 10

    Participants felt a disconnect between their offline and online representations post-transition.

    “Participants felt a disconnect between their offline and online representations post-transition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § 5.2 Managing and Protecting Identity in OSS · p. 10

    Post-transition, participants became interested in different OSS projects and communities.

    “While transitioning, participants decreased or temporarily discontinued their OSS participation; posttransition, participants became interested in different OSS projects and communities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § 5.2 Managing and Protecting Identity in OSS · p. 11

    Multiple participants came out to their online friends first, rather than offline friends and family.

    “Multiple participants came out to their online friends first, rather than offline friends and family.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 31
  • May combine two claims. 47

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    LGBTQ+ users were also influenced by their imagined audience for each social media sites and fine-tuned their profiles and accounts accordingly.

    “LGBTQ+ users were also influenced by their imagined audience for each social media sites and fine-tuned their profiles and accounts accordingly [61, 62].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [61] [61] Eden Litt. 2012. Knock, Knock. Who's There? The Imagined Audience. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56, 3 (July 2012), 330-345. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.705195 Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.705195. - source

      The Social Norms Based on Social Contexts section explains that different sites can shape users’ imagined audiences, and Internet Skill reports users adjusting profile privacy settings to control who sees their information. These passages concern social media users generally; they do not establish that LGBTQ+ users specifically fine-tuned their profiles and accounts across sites. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [62] [62] Eden Litt and Eszter Hargittai. 2016. The Imagined Audience on Social Network Sites. Social Media + Society 2, 1 (Jan. 2016), 2056305116633482. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116633482 Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd. - source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 12

    Open collaboration depends on visible records.

    “Open collaboration depends on visible records.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] [16] Lyra J Colfer and Carliss Y Baldwin. 2016. The mirroring hypothesis: theory, evidence, and exceptions. Industrial and Corporate Change 25, 5 (Oct. 2016), 709-738. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtw027 - source

      Section 7 says participants in open collaborative projects commonly see and build on each other’s work, and that this mode of collaboration requires an easily understood, transparent emerging artifact. This supports the need for visibility, but the paper does not specifically say that collaboration depends on visible records. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    DeVito et al. found that these gaps varied amongst different social media sites based on the perceived audience of each site.

    “DeVito et al. found that these gaps varied amongst different social media sites based on the perceived audience of each site (e.g., certain content not posted because it was 'too gay for Facebook') [23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] [23] Michael A. DeVito, Ashley Marie Walker, and Jeremy Birnholtz. 2018. 'Too Gay for Facebook': Presenting LGBTQ+ Identity Throughout the Personal Social Media Ecosystem. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW (Nov. 2018), 44:1-44:23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274313 - source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    Many academics and researchers have bemoaned the glacial adaptation to name changes and the resulting trans-exclusive inequity in publishing records.

    “In fact, many academics and researchers have bemoaned the glacial adaptation to name changes and the resulting trans-exclusive inequity in publishing records [34, 49, 105].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [34] [34] Leo Chan Gaskins and Craig R. McClain. 2021. Visible name changes promote inequity for transgender researchers. PLOS Biology 19, 3 (March 2021), e3001104. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001104 Publisher: Public Library of Science. - source
    • cites [49] [49] Lilian Hunt. 2020. Impact of Social Sciences Blog: For academic publishing to be trans-inclusive, authors must be allowed to retroactively change their names. (2020). -

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [105]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    Digital footprints have varying levels of mutability, which is of particular importance when trans people change their names.

    “Digital footprints have varying levels of mutability, which is of particular importance when trans people change their names [100].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100] [100] Katta Spiel. 2021. 'Why are they all obsessed with Gender?' - (Non)binary Navigations through Technological Infrastructures. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS '21) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 478-494. https://doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462033 source

      Section 4.3 reports that changes to gendered digital records had differing outcomes: some were systemic, some incomplete, and many were not made. Section 6.1 also discusses updating databases and their backwards compatibility. These passages support the point that digital records differ in how readily they can be changed, but our copy does not connect that point to digital footprints left when trans people change their names. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 1 INTRODUCTION · p. 1

    Both open source and open collaboration in general are surprisingly lacking in diversity, with poor representation of non-male and non-white participants.

    “Yet both open source-and open collaboration in general-is surprisingly lacking in diversity, with poor representation of non-male and non-white participants [33, 73, 95, 109].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [33] [33] Hana Frluckaj, Laura Dabbish, David Gray Widder, Huilian Sophie Qiu, and James D. Herbsleb. 2022. Gender and Participation in Open Source Software Development. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2 (Nov. 2022), 299:1-299:31. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555190 - source

      Section 2.5 reports that women are substantially underrepresented in open-source software development. The Limitations section says the study focused primarily on gender and identifies racial identity in open source as an area with almost no research; these passages do not establish poor representation of non-white participants or extend the finding to open collaboration generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [73] [73] Reza Nadri, Gema Rodríguez-Pérez, and Meiyappan Nagappan. 2022. On the Relationship Between the Developer's Perceptible Race and Ethnicity and the Evaluation of Contributions in OSS. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 48, 8 (Aug. 2022), 2955-2968. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2021.3073773 Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. - source

      The Abstract reports that only 16.56% of GitHub developers whose perceptible race or ethnicity could be identified were perceptible as non-White, and Section 2.2 describes a gender imbalance in OSS. These passages support the claim about OSS, but the paper does not establish poor representation across open collaboration in general. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [95] [95] Sheik Shameer, Gema Rodríguez-Pérez, and Meiyappan Nagappan. 2023. Relationship between diversity of collaborative group members' race and ethnicity and the frequency of their collaborative contributions in GitHub. Empirical Software Engineering 28, 4 (May 2023), 83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10313-y - source
    • cites [109]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    The dissonance between a person's gender and the gender assigned to them at birth can lead to negative effects, including distress, depression, and gender dysphoria, that can be alleviated through transitioning.

    “The dissonance between a person's gender and the gender assigned to them at birth can lead to negative effects, including distress, depression, and gender dysphoria [21], that can be alleviated through transitioning.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] [21] Zowie Davy and Michael Toze. 2018. What Is Gender Dysphoria? A Critical Systematic Narrative Review. Transgender Health 3, 1 (Nov. 2018), 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2018.0014 - source

      In “Foregrounding ‘distress’” (page not provided), the review says incongruence can result in gender dysphoria and distress for a subset of transgender people. It does not identify depression as an effect of that incongruence. The review also cautions in “Not all trans and intersex people suffer from GD” (page not provided) that distress should not be presumed for everyone. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    Work by DeVito and Haimson indicate the importance of safety online for trans people as they become increasingly comfortable with representing their identity.

    “Work by DeVito and Haimson indicate the importance of safety online for trans people as they become increasingly comfortable with representing their identity [23, 40].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [23] [23] Michael A. DeVito, Ashley Marie Walker, and Jeremy Birnholtz. 2018. 'Too Gay for Facebook': Presenting LGBTQ+ Identity Throughout the Personal Social Media Ecosystem. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW (Nov. 2018), 44:1-44:23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274313 - source

      The Introduction and §4.2 support the importance of finding safer online spaces for LGBTQ+ identity expression. Section 4.2.2 describes one gay participant presenting his identity more openly as he became more comfortable with it. Those passages do not establish that progression specifically for trans people, so the claim narrows the paper’s findings beyond what these passages support. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [40] [40] Oliver L. Haimson, Dykee Gorrell, Denny L. Starks, and Zu Weinger. 2020. Designing Trans Technology: Defining Challenges and Envisioning Community-Centered Solutions. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . ACM, Honolulu HI USA, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376669 - source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 4 LIMITATIONS · p. 6

    Black and Latinx contributors have especially low involvement numbers in OSS.

    “Black and Latinx contributors have especially low involvement numbers in OSS [73].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] [73] Reza Nadri, Gema Rodríguez-Pérez, and Meiyappan Nagappan. 2022. On the Relationship Between the Developer's Perceptible Race and Ethnicity and the Evaluation of Contributions in OSS. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 48, 8 (Aug. 2022), 2955-2968. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2021.3073773 Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. - source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3.3 Analysis · p. 5

    Grounded theory is a methodology that has been used in the OSS literature previously.

    “Grounded theory is a methodology that has been used in the OSS literature previously [33, 68, 102].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [33] [33] Hana Frluckaj, Laura Dabbish, David Gray Widder, Huilian Sophie Qiu, and James D. Herbsleb. 2022. Gender and Participation in Open Source Software Development. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2 (Nov. 2022), 299:1-299:31. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555190 - source
    • cites [68] [68] Jennifer Marlow, Laura Dabbish, and Jim Herbsleb. 2013. Impression formation in online peer production: activity traces and personal profiles in github. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW '13) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1145/2441776. 2441792 - source
    • cites [102]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 The Paradox of Openness and Governability · p. 15

    This resulted in expansive and deeply connected networks of trans contributors where they could help reduce scrutiny of their gender identities, support one another, and recommend inclusive projects.

    “This resulted in what our participants described as expansive and deeply connected networks of trans contributors where they could help reduce scrutiny of their gender identities, support one another, and recommend inclusive projects, akin to whisper networks for women [51].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] [51] Carrie Ann Johnson. 2023. The purpose of whisper networks: a new lens for studying informal communication channels in organizations. Frontiers in Communication 8 (2023). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm. 2023.1089335 - source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 14

    Moderation work is often performed by under-represented groups, and women and trans contributors frequently perform community-oriented labor in OSS.

    “Moderation work is often performed by under-represented groups [85, 112], and women and trans contributors frequently perform community-oriented labor in OSS [33, 109].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [85] [85] José E. Rodríguez, Kendall M. Campbell, and Linda H. Pololi. 2015. Addressing disparities in academic medicine: what of the minority tax? BMC Medical Education 15, 1 (Feb. 2015), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-015-0290-9 - source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [112]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [33] [33] Hana Frluckaj, Laura Dabbish, David Gray Widder, Huilian Sophie Qiu, and James D. Herbsleb. 2022. Gender and Participation in Open Source Software Development. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2 (Nov. 2022), 299:1-299:31. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555190 - source

      The Results (§4.2.1) describe women contributors responding to users’ requests and advocating for their needs, supporting the community-oriented labor attributed to women. The paper includes three trans women (§5.3), but does not establish that trans contributors frequently perform such labor; §5.1 says its distribution across contributor groups remains unclear. The moderation-work clause has separate citations and is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [109]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 5.1 Lessons from Trans Experiences in OSS · p. 9

    A few participants chose to hide their identities due to personal safety concerns, while others felt the potential benefits to other trans people in OSS outweighed the risks.

    “A few participants chose to hide their identities due to personal safety concerns, while others felt the potential benefits to other trans people in OSS outweighed the risks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 5.1 Lessons from Trans Experiences in OSS · p. 8

    Participants often sensed subtle negativity related to their identity; the subtlety made it challenging to discern whether it was intentional or coincidental.

    “Participants often sensed subtle negativity related to their identity; the subtlety made it challenging to discern whether it was intentional or coincidental.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § 5.1 Lessons from Trans Experiences in OSS · p. 7

    Participants investigated the community's language in issues, discussions, and other public forums.

    “Participants investigated the community's language in issues, discussions, and other public forums.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data
    § 5.1 Lessons from Trans Experiences in OSS · p. 8

    P1, P2, P4, P6, P19 suggested that if a project is not committed to its enforcement, the presence of a CoC may lull contributors into a false sense of safety.

    “P1, P2, P4, P6, P19 suggested that if a project is not committed to its enforcement, the presence of a CoC may lull contributors into a false sense of safety.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 5.1 Lessons from Trans Experiences in OSS · p. 9

    The use of trans iconography and inclusion of their pronouns in our participants' projects helped them share their identities, leading to many participants reaching out and finding new connections in OSS.

    “The use of trans iconography and inclusion of their pronouns in our participants' projects helped them share their identities, leading to many participants reaching out and finding new connections in OSS.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 5.1 Lessons from Trans Experiences in OSS · p. 8

    Repeatedly, our participants fought for their place in projects and against prejudices, subtle or not, which inevitably led to burnout.

    “Repeatedly, our participants fought for their place in projects and against prejudices, subtle or not, which inevitably led to burnout.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 5.1 Lessons from Trans Experiences in OSS · p. 7

    A sense of inclusivity was integral for participants' initial motivations in joining projects, as well as for their long-term retention.

    “A sense of inclusivity was integral for participants' initial motivations in joining projects, as well as for their long-term retention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 5.2 Managing and Protecting Identity in OSS · p. 10

    Past connections were less emphasized while other interests, such as connections to other trans contributors and finding a sense of belonging in OSS communities, became more important post-transition.

    “Past connections were less emphasized while other interests, such as connections to other trans contributors and finding a sense of belonging in OSS communities, became more important post-transition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 5.1 Lessons from Trans Experiences in OSS · p. 8

    Despite the negativity that our participants encountered in OSS, they still had many positive experiences by finding other trans contributors to connect with and by receiving the support of an inclusive community.

    “Despite the negativity that our participants encountered in OSS, they still had many positive experiences by finding other trans contributors to connect with and by receiving the support of an inclusive community.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 5.1 Lessons from Trans Experiences in OSS · p. 7

    Participants discussed OSS as a venue for their technical passions as well as a place to connect with other trans contributors.

    “On a positive note, our participants discussed OSS as a venue for their technical passions as well as a place to connect with other trans contributors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 5.2 Managing and Protecting Identity in OSS · p. 11

    Negative experiences with moderation were largely attributed to the deep acting and emotional labor of moderation work and the inadequate support received from the broader project community.

    “These negative experiences were largely attributed to two factors: the deep acting and emotional labor [46] of moderation work and the inadequate support received from the broader project community.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] [46] Arlie Russell Hochschild. 2012. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. https://www.degruyter. com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520951853/html - source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 5.1 Lessons from Trans Experiences in OSS · p. 9

    These collaborations blossomed into networks, with trans contributors connecting one another, creating exciting opportunities for future work, job opportunities, and support.

    “These collaborations blossomed into networks, with trans contributors connecting one another, creating exciting opportunities for future work, job opportunities, and support.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 5.1 Lessons from Trans Experiences in OSS · p. 8

    Our participants consistently dealt with (both online and offline) microaggressions which became more salient with each subsequent interaction.

    “Our participants consistently dealt with (both online and offline) microaggressions which became more salient with each subsequent interaction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 5.2 Managing and Protecting Identity in OSS · p. 11

    Most participants were exhausted with the moderation role or had completely ceased their moderation efforts due to burnout.

    “At the time of our interviews, however, most of our participants were exhausted with this role or had completely ceased their moderation efforts due to burnout.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 5.2 Managing and Protecting Identity in OSS · p. 10

    Some trans contributors performed labor (usually in the form of moderation work) to maintain project inclusivity, which also led to burnout.

    “Finally, some trans contributors performed labor (usually in the form of moderation work) to maintain project inclusivity, which also led to burnout.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 14

    Participants often performed reconnaissance work to select inclusive projects and frequently assumed moderation roles to ensure community inclusivity.

    “Participants often performed reconnaissance work to select inclusive projects to contribute to and frequently assumed moderation roles to ensure community inclusivity”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 13

    Participants had to work hard to manage the records associated with them, felt limited in their ability to contribute authentically, and had to manage the records of the community around them.

    “Our analysis finds this tempering to be three-fold: participants had to work hard to manage the records associated with them, felt that they were limited in their ability to contribute authentically, and had to manage the records of the community around them.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 The Paradox of Openness and Governability · p. 15

    Shared identities helped reduce the barrier to entry for the project and facilitated community and solidarity.

    “Not only did their shared identities help reduce the barrier to entry for the project, but it also helped facilitate community and solidarity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 12

    Participants valued the disembodied experience of contributing online, citing benefits such as flexibility and avoidance of unwanted in-person interactions.

    “Participants valued the disembodied experience of contributing online, citing benefits such as flexibility and avoidance of unwanted in-person interactions”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 14

    Many participants perceived privacy concerns while contributing openly, adjusted in ways that made their authentic contributions and gender expression more difficult.

    “Many of our participants perceived privacy concerns while contributing openly, adjusted in ways that made their authentic contributions and gender expression more difficult [107].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [107]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 14

    Hidden profiles provide respite from online harassment but also require constant vigilance, hindering authentic and sustainable OSS participation.

    “Participants related how hidden profiles provide respite from online harassment but also require constant vigilance, hindering authentic and sustainable OSS participation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 The Paradox of Openness and Governability · p. 15

    Many participants contributed to and preferred being in OSS projects with other trans contributors.

    “To feel more supported, many of our participants contributed to and preferred being in OSS projects with other trans contributors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 1 INTRODUCTION · p. 1

    The reality of openness is problematic both in terms of overall participation, dropout rates, and quality of experience.

    “Despite the promise of openness-online work where anyone can, in theory, participate-the reality is problematic both in terms of overall participation, dropout rates, and quality of experience [19, 25].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] [19] Lincoln Dahlberg. 2010. Cyber-Libertarianism 2.0: A Discourse Theory/Critical Political Economy Examination. Cultural Politics 6, 3 (Nov. 2010), 331-356. https://doi.org/10.2752/175174310X12750685679753 - source
    • cites [25] [25] Christina Dunbar-Hester. 2019. Hacking Diversity: The Politics of Inclusion in Open Technology Cultures . Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691182070/hackingdiversity - source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 2.1 Queer HCI · p. 3

    Researchers have called for future work to study more specific groups and intersectionality and to decenter technology.

    “Queer HCI has tended to study broad LGTBQIA+ groups; researchers have called for future work to study more specific groups [106] and intersectionality [111] and to decenter technology [106].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [106]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [111]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    Many LGBTQ+ individuals maintained a gap between their actual social identity, shared within a trusted community, and a virtual sanitized social identity, to be visible with for who might react negatively to their actual identity.

    “Another work found that many LGBTQ+ individuals maintained a gap between their actual social identity, shared within a trusted community, and a virtual sanitized social identity, to be visible with for who might react negatively to their actual identity [38].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] [38] Erving Goffman. 2009. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity . Simon and Schuster. Google-Books-ID: zuMFXuTMAqAC. -

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning
    § 4 LIMITATIONS · p. 6

    Our sample size comprised of only 21 participants, reflecting the relatively small population of trans contributors in OSS.

    “Moreover, our sample size comprised of only 21 participants, reflecting the relatively small population of trans contributors in OSS.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § 4 LIMITATIONS · p. 6

    The researcher who conducted interviews is not trans.

    “Furthermore, the researcher who conducted interviews is not trans.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation
    § 3.1 Sampling and Recruitment Procedure · p. 4

    To accurately reflect the gender identity of each participant and follow best-practices for gender inclusivity in research, we asked individuals to self-identify their gender in an open response question during the interviews.

    “To accurately reflect the gender identity of each participant and follow best-practices for gender inclusivity in research as noted by [88, 106], we asked individuals to self-identify their gender in an open response question during the interviews.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [88] [88] Morgan Klaus Scheuerman, Katta Spiel, Oliver L. Haimson, Foad Hamidi, and Stacy M. Branham. 2020. HCI Guidelines for Gender Equity and Inclusivity. (Oct. 2020). https://doi.org/10.13016/m2nw1f-p0jx Accepted: 2020-10-30T16:17:29Z. -

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [106]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § 4 LIMITATIONS · p. 7

    Our participants were predominantly programmers who had all contributed technical contributions to OSS projects.

    “Our participants were predominantly programmers who had all contributed technical contributions to OSS projects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    Trans people often turn to online spaces to express themselves, to connect with other trans people, and to find resources and social support that are otherwise difficult to find offline.

    “Trans people often turn to online spaces to express themselves, to connect with other trans people, and to find resources and social support that are otherwise difficult to find offline [17], especially in a world where gender-based violence against trans people continues to rise [114].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [17] [17] Shelley L. Craig and Lauren McInroy. 2014. You Can Form a Part of Yourself Online: The Influence of New Media on Identity Development and Coming Out for LGBTQ Youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health 18, 1 (Jan. 2014), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2013.777007 - source
    • cites [114]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    These documented experiences are racialized: 'trans' and 'women' in academic literature are nearly always white-coded.

    “It is important to note, however, that these documented experiences are racialized: 'trans' and 'women' in academic literature are nearly always white-coded [99].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [99] [99] C. Riley Snorton. 2017. Black on Both Sides: A Racial History of Trans Identity . U of Minnesota Press. Google-Books-ID: \_il0DwAAQBAJ. - source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Paradoxes of Openness and Trans Experiences in Open Source Software · p. 1

    The paper theorizes two related paradoxes of openness in OSS: the paradox of openness and display and the paradox of openness and governance.

    “From their experiences, we theorize two related paradoxes of openness in OSS: the paradox of openness and display and the paradox of openness and governance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 1 INTRODUCTION · p. 2

    The current climate is one of violence and political backlash against trans people.

    “especially given the current climate of violence and political backlash against trans people [71, 84].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [71] [71] Jennifer McClearen. 2022. 'If you let me play': girls' empowerment and transgender exclusion in sports. Feminist Media Studies 0, 0 (March 2022), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2022.2041697 Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2022.2041697. - source
    • cites [84] [84] Brandon Andrew Robinson. 2020. The Lavender Scare in Homonormative Times: Policing, Hyper-incarceration, and LGBTQ Youth Homelessness. Gender & Society 34, 2 (April 2020), 210-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243220906172 Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc. - source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    Those who transition aim to 'better align their appearance, bodies, and/or legal documentation with their gender'.

    “Those who transition aim to 'better align their appearance, bodies, and/or legal documentation with their gender' [14].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] [14] Tee Chuanromanee and Ronald Metoyer. 2022. Designing the Trans Experience: Technology and Common Gender Transition Narratives. In Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS '22 Companion) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1145/3532107.3532871 - source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Paradoxes of Openness and Trans Experiences in Open Source Software · p. 1

    The world is increasingly violent for trans people.

    “In an increasingly violent world for trans people, we draw on our theorizing to build recommendations for more inclusive and safer OSS projects for contributors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [71] [71] Jennifer McClearen. 2022. 'If you let me play': girls' empowerment and transgender exclusion in sports. Feminist Media Studies 0, 0 (March 2022), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2022.2041697 Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2022.2041697. - source
    • cites [84] [84] Brandon Andrew Robinson. 2020. The Lavender Scare in Homonormative Times: Policing, Hyper-incarceration, and LGBTQ Youth Homelessness. Gender & Society 34, 2 (April 2020), 210-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243220906172 Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc. - source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § 4 LIMITATIONS · p. 6

    The experiences of white trans people can be very different from those of POC trans people.

    “We would have liked to include more racially diverse participants as the experiences of white trans people can be very different from those of POC trans people [1, 79].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] [1] 2015. 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey Report. https://www.ustranssurvey.org/reports -

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [79] [79] Anthony T. Pinter, Morgan Klaus Scheuerman, and Jed R. Brubaker. 2021. Entering Doors, Evading Traps: Benefits and Risks of Visibility During Transgender Coming Outs. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW3 (Jan. 2021), 272:1-272:27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3434181 - source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 2.1 Queer HCI · p. 2

    There exists a significant body of work on queer online identity management, including how being trans and visible online in everyday social media usage can be a form of political advocacy and activism.

    “There exists a significant body of work on queer online identity management [29, 75, 118], including how being trans and visible online in everyday social media usage can be a form of political advocacy and activism [56].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [29] [29] Shelly D. Farnham and Elizabeth F. Churchill. 2011. Faceted identity, faceted lives: social and technical issues with being yourself online. In Proceedings of the ACM 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW '11) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 359-368. https://doi.org/10.1145/1958824.1958880 - source
    • cites [75] [75] William Odom. 2015. Understanding Long-Term Interactions with a Slow Technology: an Investigation of Experiences with FutureMe. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '15) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 575-584. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702221 -

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [118]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [56] [56] AdaLerner, Helen Yuxun He, Anna Kawakami, Silvia Catherine Zeamer, and Roberto Hoyle. 2020. Privacy and Activism in the Transgender Community. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '20) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376339 -

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § 3.3 Analysis · p. 6

    We conducted member-checking by emailing all participants a copy of an article draft and asking for their reflections and reactions to the paper.

    “We conducted member-checking by emailing all participants a copy of an article draft and asking for their reflections and reactions to the paper.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning
    § 4 LIMITATIONS · p. 6

    We recruited 13 of our 21 participants using GitHub's search function to identify potential participants, thus skewing our sample towards trans contributors who felt comfortable disclosing their identities publicly.

    “As discussed above, we recruited 13 of our 21 participants using GitHub's search function to identify potential participants, thus skewing our sample towards trans contributors who felt comfortable disclosing their identities publicly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2.1 Queer HCI · p. 2

    Recent studies on self-presentation advocate for supporting selective visibility in design because the assumed isomorphism between one-account and oneself breaks down for those with heightened self-presentation needs.

    “Indeed, recent studies on self-presentation 'advocate for supporting selective visibility in design because the assumed isomorphism between one-account and oneself breaks down for those with heightened self-presentation needs' [106].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [106]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    Zhao et al. examine how non-queer users manage multiple social media sites representations, indicating the ability to partition audiences and distribute content at the choosing of the creator.

    “Zhao et al. examine how non-queer users manage multiple social media sites representations, indicating the ability to partition audiences and distribute content at the choosing of the creator [119].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [119]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § 3 METHODS · p. 4

    This study has received IRB approval.

    “This study has received IRB approval.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    Generally, to refer to someone by their deadname is a faux pas at best, and active discrimination or violence at worst.

    “Generally, to refer to someone by their deadname is a faux pas at best [97], and active discrimination or violence at worst [27].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [97] [97] Julia Sinclair-Palm and Kit Chokly. 2022. 'It's a giant faux pas': exploring young trans people's beliefs about deadnaming and the term deadname. Journal of LGBT Youth 0, 0 (May 2022), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2022.2076182 Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2022.2076182. -

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] [27] Joshua Earle. 2022. Deadnames and Missing Chiralities: A Response to Steve Fuller's 'The Problem of Cishumanism'. (2022). -

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 12

    Those behaviors are recorded and are expected to remain visible for the indefinite future.

    “Further, those behaviors are recorded and are expected to remain visible for the indefinite future.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 12

    OSS facilitates broad and decentralized participation, simultaneously creating visibility and scrutiny.

    “OSS facilitates broad and decentralized participation, simultaneously creating visibility and scrutiny.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2 Queer Identity and Perceived Risks Online · p. 3

    Duguay observed LGBTQ+ identity disclosure on social media sites that disclosure practices were influenced by pre-existing social conditions and the participant's perception of their information privacy.

    “On the other hand, Duguay observed LGBTQ+ identity disclosure on social media sites that disclosure practices were influenced by pre-existing social conditions (e.g., would their coming out be accepted by their parents) and the participant's perception of their information privacy [24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] [24] Stefanie Duguay. 2016. 'He has a way gayer Facebook than I do': Investigating sexual identity disclosure and context collapse on a social networking site. New Media & Society 18, 6 (June 2016), 891-907. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1461444814549930 Publisher: SAGE Publications. -

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § 3.3 Analysis · p. 5

    Interviews continued until no new themes emerged and theoretical saturation was reached.

    “Interviews continued until no new themes emerged and theoretical saturation was reached.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.2 The Paradox of Openness and Governability · p. 15

    Openness is attained by reducing institutional structures, but these structures also constrain behaviors.

    “We describe this as a paradox of openness and governability: openness is attained by reducing institutional structures, but these structures also constrain behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 14

    While hidden profiles may enhance perceived security, they disconnect contributors from their OSS involvement, impeding learning, networking, and career opportunities.

    “While hidden profiles may enhance perceived security, they disconnect contributors from their OSS involvement, impeding learning, networking, and career opportunities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The communities of practice literature has not addressed the impact of hidden profiles on participation.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 6.2 The Paradox of Openness and Governability · p. 15

    While openness allows anyone to participate, it also leaves individuals with fewer tools to influence others' behaviors.

    “While openness allows anyone to participate, it also leaves individuals with fewer tools to influence others' behaviors; our participants explained how this burden fell disproportionately on them than on majority participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § 6.2 The Paradox of Openness and Governability · p. 14

    A key aspect of openness is the ability for anyone to jump in and act, without prior approval.

    “A key aspect of openness is the ability for anyone to jump in and act, without prior approval.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.2 The Paradox of Openness and Governability · p. 15

    The risks of display, and the impact of witnessing problematic behaviors, falls unequally on the shoulders of non-cis participants for whom display has higher risks.

    “The risks of display, and the impact of witnessing problematic behaviors, falls unequally on the shoulders of non-cis participants for whom display has higher risks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.2 The Paradox of Openness and Governability · p. 15

    The paradox of openness and display is that open participation requires record creation and thus witnessing and archiving the public behavior of others.

    “The paradox of openness and display is that open participation requires record creation and thus witnessing and archiving the public behavior of others.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 12

    The disembodiment afforded by OSS work, and remote work more broadly, helped reduce the visibility of historical characteristics for discrimination and provided participants autonomy over their online displays.

    “The disembodiment afforded by OSS work, and remote work more broadly, helped reduce the visibility of historical characteristics for discrimination (e.g. gender, race, age, etc.) and provided participants autonomy over their online displays.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § 6.2 The Paradox of Openness and Governability · p. 15

    The broad decentralization and openness of OSS facilitate open collaboration that transcends institutional boundaries yet simultaneously remove resources for accountability and governance.

    “The broad decentralization and openness of OSS facilitate open collaboration that transcends institutional boundaries yet simultaneously remove resources for accountability and governance, meaning that successful projects have to build their own approaches [22, 77, 94].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [22] [22] Ivan De Noni, Andrea Ganzaroli, and Luigi Orsi. 2013. The evolution of OSS governance: a dimensional comparative analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Management 29, 3 (Sept. 2013), 247-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2012.10.003 - source
    • cites [77] [77] Siobhán O'Mahony and Fabrizio Ferraro. 2007. Governance in Collective Production Communities. Academy of Management Journal 50, 5 (2007), 1079-1106. -

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] [94] S. K. Shah. 2006. Motivation, governance, and the viability of hybrid forms in open source software development. Management Science 52, 7 (2006), 1000-1014. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0553 - source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 13

    GitHub's professional setting encourages hidden microaggressions, as contributors struggle to contextualize behavior due to limited insight into others' lives, often projecting gender onto participants.

    “GitHub's professional setting encourages hidden microaggressions, as contributors struggle to contextualize behavior due to limited insight into others' lives, often projecting gender onto participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 13

    The openness of OSS participation led to feelings of elevated scrutiny and privacy risks for participants, contributing to context collapse.

    “The openness of OSS participation led to feelings of elevated scrutiny and privacy risks for our participants, contributing to context collapse [69].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] [69] Alice E. Marwick and danah boyd. 2011. I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society 13, 1 (Feb. 2011), 114-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810365313 Publisher: SAGE Publications. - source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 14

    The visibility of records axiomatic to participating in OSS development allows contributors to exert significant control over their displays but also requires an immense amount of labor in managing one's own records and those of one's communities.

    “In summary, the visibility of records axiomatic to participating in OSS development allows contributors to exert significant control over their displays but also requires an immense amount of labor in managing one's own records and those of one's communities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 6.1 The Paradox of Openness and Display · p. 14

    The emotional labor of moderator and community maintenance is unevenly distributed amongst community members, contributing to burnout.

    “The emotional labor of moderator and community maintenance is also unevenly distributed amongst community members, contributing to burnout [83, 91].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [83] [83] Martin J. Riedl, Gina M. Masullo, and Kelsey N. Whipple. 2020. The downsides of digital labor: Exploring the toll incivility takes on online comment moderators. Computers in Human Behavior 107 (June 2020), 106262. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106262 - source
    • cites [91] [91] Angela M. Schöpke-Gonzalez, Shubham Atreja, Han Na Shin, Najmin Ahmed, and Libby Hemphill. 2022. Why do volunteer content moderators quit? Burnout, conflict, and harmful behaviors. New Media & Society (Dec. 2022), 14614448221138529. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221138529 Publisher: SAGE Publications. -

      Not checked in the free run.

71 of 71

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The values, norms, and practices of a community are more salient to those on the margins, thus understanding how OSS communities engage with trans contributors is an indicative measure of project inclusivity and solidarity.

    “The values, norms, and practices of a community are more salient to those on the margins, thus understanding how OSS communities engage with trans contributors is an indicative measure of project inclusivity and solidarity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Open collaboration and peer production environments such as OSS have yet to be examined for queer participation.

    “Additionally, while many studies examine queer participation in social media [117], i.e. fear of being outed online [23, 115], open collaboration and peer production environments such as OSS have yet to be examined.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Reclaiming past work under one's deadname, if even possible, places further strain on trans people's time, energy, and resources.

    “Reclaiming past work under one's deadname, if even possible, places further strain on trans people's time, energy, and resources.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It is unclear how trans software developers and their work in OSS are impacted by name changes.

    “It is unclear how trans software developers and their work in OSS are impacted by these changes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The lack of focus from academic researchers on trans OSS participation is striking.

    “The lack of focus from academic researchers on trans OSS participation is striking, given that trans contributors have played a vital role in both computer science [45, 76] and OSS over many years.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In OSS, the platform provider has not generally been seen as the primary provider of governance—rather individual projects have.

    “In OSS, unlike social media sites or online games [11, 65, 89, 90], the platform provider has not generally been seen as the primary provider of governance-rather individual projects have.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Discourse requires resources.

    “Discourse itself requires resources.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The communities of practice literature has not addressed the impact of hidden profiles on participation.

    “yet this reputation is problematized by the experiences of our participants because the communities of practice literature has not addressed the impact of hidden profiles on participation.”
8 of 8

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting counts of participants who were not publicly out

    Minor

    The paper says 14 of 21 participants were publicly out, leaving 7 who were not, but the limitations section says only 6 were not publicly out. Table 1 also lists 7 participants marked "No."

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 14

  1. 10.10520/ejc-om_hrf_v2021_n10_a10 · DOI
  2. Karl Beckson. 2000. Oscar Wilde and the Green Carnation. English Literature in Transition, 1880--1920 43, 4 (2000), 387--397. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/74/article/367465 Publisher: ELT Press.
  3. Herbert H. Clark. 1996. Using Language. Cambridge University Press. Google-Books-ID: b8bLCgAAQBAJ.
  4. Jessie Daniels. 2013. Rethinking Cyberfeminism(s): Race, Gender, and Embodiment. InWomen, Science, and Technology (3 ed.). Routledge. Num Pages: 17.
  5. Stacy A. Hickox and Chenwei Liao. 2020. RemoteWork as an Accommodation for Employees with Disabilities. Hofstra Labor & Employment Law Journal 38, 1 (2020), 25--92. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/hlelj38&i=35
  6. Michael A Hiltzik. 2000. Through the Gender Labyrinth. Los Angeles Times (2000).
  7. 10.4018/978-1--5225-0212--8.ch008 · DOI
  8. 10.1007/s10606-016--9245-x · DOI
  9. Femke Olyslager and Lynn Conway. 2007. On the Calculation of the Prevalence of Transsexualism. International Journal of Transgenderism 51 (2007), 66--73.
  10. Siobhán OMahony and Fabrizio Ferraro. 2007. Governance in Collective Production Communities. Academy of Management Journal 50, 5 (2007), 1079--1106.
  11. 10.1186/s12909-015-0290--9 · DOI
  12. Andrew Rene Seeber. 2015. Beyond Transition: Life Course Challenges of Trans* People. Ph.D. University of California, Santa Barbara, United States -- California. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1765689467/abstract/ BBCCE31B8BC74BB5PQ/1 ISBN: 9781339472478.
  13. 10.1007/s10664-023--10313-y · DOI
  14. Theresa Jean Tanenbaum. 2020. Publishers: let transgender scholars correct their names. Nature 583, 7817 (July 2020), 493--494. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=00280836&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA630327478&sid= googleScholar&linkaccess=abs Publisher: Nature Publishing Group.

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Authors
Frluckaj, H., Stevens, N., Howison, J., & Dabbish, L.
Affiliations
  • Carnegie Mellon University (US)
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
  • The University of Texas at Austin (US)
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Published
2024-11-07
Volume
8
Issue
CSCW2
Pages
1-24
ISSN
2573-0142 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1145/3687047
OpenAlex
W4403593509
Semantic Scholar
92ed7004430623ae9c99f933e57ced1fc7ba9446
Cited by
5
References
92
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2
FWCI
1.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
Funders
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (G-2020-14036)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Open Source Software Innovations
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Software Engineering Techniques and Practices
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Technology in Education
Keywords
open source software, display devices, open governance, transgender inclusion

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-04.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-04.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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