Moderation Practices as Emotional Labor in Sustaining Online Communities: The Case of AAPI Identity Work on Reddit
Abstract
We examine how and why Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) moderators on Reddit shape the norms of their online communities through the analytic lens of emotional labor. We conduct interviews with 21 moderators who facilitate identity work discourse in AAPI subreddits and present a thematic analysis of their moderation practices. We report on their challenges to sustaining moderation, which include burning out from volunteer work, navigating hierarchical structures, and balancing unfulfilled expectations. We then describe strategies that moderators employ to manage emotional labor, which involve distancing away from drama, building solidarity from shared struggles, and integrating an ecology of tools for self-organized moderation. We provide recommendations for improving moderation in online communities centered around identity work and discuss implications of emotional labor in the design of Reddit and similar platforms.
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To date, few academic studies have explored what impacts the demands of the content moderation job might engender, and many conducted have focused on the experience of volunteer content moderators.
“To date, there have been few academic studies that explore what impacts the demands of the job might engender and many that have been conducted have focused on the experience of volunteer CMs (e.g., Dosono & Semaan, 2019; Lo, 2018; Wohn, 2019).”
From The psychological impacts of content moderation on content moderators: A qualitative study (2023) · cites this paper as Dosono & Semaan, 2019
Moderators have reported feeling burnout, emotionally exhausted, apathetic, underappreciated, harassed by users, and guilty for enforcing rules or taking actions they do not agree with.
“More broadly, moderators have reported feeling burnout and emotionally exhausted (Dosono & Semaan, 2019; Riedl et al., 2020; Schöpke-Gonzalez et al., 2022), apathy (Lo, 2018) and underappreciated (Wohn, 2019), as well as being harassed by users or feeling guilty for enforcing rules or taking actions they do not necessarily agree with (Dosono & Semaan, 2019; Wohn, 2019).”
From The psychological impacts of content moderation on content moderators: A qualitative study (2023) · cites this paper as Dosono & Semaan, 2019
Many of the impacts described by content moderators are in line with the symptoms described by volunteer moderators.
“Many of the impacts described by CMs are in line with the symptoms described by volunteer moderators (Dosono & Semaan, 2019; Schöpke-Gonzalez et al., 2022).”
From The psychological impacts of content moderation on content moderators: A qualitative study (2023) · cites this paper as Dosono & Semaan, 2019
Research with volunteer moderators found they experience cognitive changes like increased apathy and guilt.
“Research with volunteer moderators found they experience cognitive changes like increased apathy and guilt (Dosono & Semaan, 2019; Lo, 2018).”
From The psychological impacts of content moderation on content moderators: A qualitative study (2023) · cites this paper as Dosono & Semaan, 2019
Academic research has highlighted that content reviewers experience high-stress levels, fatigue, insomnia, anxiety, low mood, increased apathy, guilt, and intrusive images as part of their everyday work.
“Academic research has highlighted that content reviewers experience high-stress levels, fatigue, insomnia, anxiety, low mood, increased apathy, guilt, and intrusive images as part of their everyday work [18,39,45,112,168].”
From Measuring the Mental Health of Content Reviewers, a Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [45]
Volunteer content moderators tend to experience burnout, apathy, under-appreciation, guilt, and a lack of safety.
“For example, volunteer content moderators tend to experience burnout [45], apathy [112], under-appreciation, guilt [189], and a lack of safety [21,162].”
From Measuring the Mental Health of Content Reviewers, a Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [45]
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Deng, W. H., Guo, B., Devrio, A., Shen, H., Eslami, M., & Holstein, K. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581026 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
PolicyKit: Building Governance in Online Communities
Zhang, A. X., Hugh, G., & Bernstein, M. S. (2020) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/3379337.3415858 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Designing Word Filter Tools for Creator-led Comment Moderation
Jhaver, S., Chen, Q. Z., Knauss, D., & Zhang, A. X. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517505 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Seering, J., Kaufman, G. F., & Chancellor, S. (2020) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444820964968 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Thomas, K., Kelley, P. G., Consolvo, S., Samermit, P., & Bursztein, E. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501879 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Schneider, N., Filippi, P. D., Frey, S., Tan, J., & Zhang, A. X. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3449090 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Human and Technological Infrastructures of Fact-checking
Juneja, P., & Mitra, T. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555143 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Decolonizing Tactics as Collective Resilience: Identity Work of AAPI Communities on Reddit
Dosono, B., & Semaan, B. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3392881 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy do People Participate in Small Online Communities?
Hwang, S., & Foote, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3479606 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
"They Just Don't Get It": Towards Social Technologies for Coping with Interpersonal Racism
To, A., Sweeney, W., Hammer, J., & Kaufman, G. F. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3392828 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Technological Frames and User Innovation
Kiene, C., Jiang, J. A., & Hill, B. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359146 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
LLM-Mod: Can Large Language Models Assist Content Moderation?
Kolla, M., Salunkhe, S., Chandrasekharan, E., & Saha, K. (2024) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3613905.3650828 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Simpson, E., Dalal, S., & Semaan, B. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3579490 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationDas, D., & Semaan, B. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517600 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards Leveraging AI-based Moderation to Address Emergent Harassment in Social Virtual Reality
Schulenberg, K., Li, L., Freeman, G., Zamanifard, S., & McNeese, N. J. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581090 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The psychological impacts of content moderation on content moderators: A qualitative study
Spence, R., Bifulco, A., Bradbury, P., Martellozzo, E., & DeMarco, J. (2023) · Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2023-4-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“More broadly, moderators have reported feeling burnout and emotionally exhausted (Dosono & Semaan, 2019; Riedl et al., 2020 ; Schöpke -Gonzalez et al., 2022), apathy (Lo, 2018) and underappreciated (Wohn, 2019), as well as being harassed by users or feeling guilty for enforcing rules or taking…”
BackgroundInfluentialPunishment and Its Discontents: An Analysis of Permanent Ban in an Online Game Community
Kou, Y. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3476075 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Xiao, S., Jhaver, S., & Salehi, N. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3603625 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
"I'm not sure what difference is between their content and mine, other than the person itself"
Ma, R., & Kou, Y. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555150 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Schluger, C., Chang, J. P., Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, C., & Levy, K. E. C. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555095 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Why do volunteer content moderators quit? Burnout, conflict, and harmful behaviors
Schöpke-Gonzalez, A. M., Atreja, S., Shin, H. N., Ahmed, N., & Hemphill, L. (2024) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448221138529 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Das, A., Dang, B., & Lease, M. (2020) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing · doi:10.1609/hcomp.v8i1.7461 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Measuring the Monetary Value of Online Volunteer Work
Li, H., Hecht, B. J., & Chancellor, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19318 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cai, J., & Wohn, D. Y. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3479554 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Swain, V. D., Zhong, Q. J., Parekh, J. R., Jeon, Y., Zimmermann, R., Czerwinski, M. P., Suh, J., Mishra, V., Saha, K., & Hernandez, J. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713705 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cai, J., & Wohn, D. Y. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517628 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Papakyriakopoulos, O., Engelmann, S., & Winecoff, A. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580644 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Political Bias and Factualness in News Sharing across more than 100,000 Online Communities
Weld, G., Glenski, M., & Althoff, T. (2021) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v15i1.18104 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Li, H., Vincent, N., Chancellor, S., & Hecht, B. J. (2023) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3593013.3594070 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lyu, Y., Cai, J., Callis, A., Cotter, K., & Carroll, J. M. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642148 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
"Jol" or "Pani"?: How Does Governance Shape a Platform's Identity?
Das, D., Østerlund, C. S., & Semaan, B. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3479860 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationAll That’s Happening behind the Scenes: Putting the Spotlight on Volunteer Moderator Labor in Reddit
Li, H., Hecht, B. J., & Chancellor, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19317 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Bozarth, L., Im, J., Quarles, C. L., & Budak, C. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3579631 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Towards Intersectional Moderation: An Alternative Model of Moderation Built on Care and Power
Gilbert, S. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3610047 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Setting the Record Straighter on Shadow BanningPreprint
Merrer, E. L., Morgan, B., & Trédan, G. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.05101 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Unsung Heroes of Facebook Groups Moderation: A Case Study of Moderation Practices and Tools
Kuo, T., Hernani, A., & Großklags, J. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3579530 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Conversations About Crime: Re-Enforcing and Fighting Against Platformed Racism on Reddit
Wu, Q., Williams, L. K., Simpson, E., & Semaan, B. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3512901 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationPracticing Moderation: Community Moderation as Reflective Practice
Cullen, A. L. L., & Kairam, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3512958 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
StoryChat: Designing a Narrative-Based Viewer Participation Tool for Live Streaming Chatrooms
Yen, R., Feng, L., Mehra, B., Pang, C. C., Hu, S., & Lu, Z. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580912 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
"For Us By Us": Intentionally Designing Technology for Lived Black Experiences
Egede, L., Coney, L., Johnson, B., Harrington, C., & Ford, D. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3661535 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chang, J. P., Schluger, C., & Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, C. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555603 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hofmann, M. K., Lakshmi, U. K., Mack, K., Hudson, S. E., Arriaga, R. I., & Mankoff, J. C. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445707 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cui, Y., Yamashita, N., & Lee, Y. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555148 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cai, J., Chowdhury, S., Zhou, H., & Wohn, D. Y. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3610191 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Measuring User-Moderator Alignment on r/ChangeMyView
Koshy, V., Bajpai, T., Chandrasekharan, E., Sundaram, H., & Karahalios, K. G. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3610077 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
'There Has To Be a Lot That We're Missing': Moderating AI-Generated Content on Reddit
Lloyd, T., Reagle, J., & Naaman, M. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3757445 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
NLPDove at SemEval-2020 Task 12: Improving Offensive Language Detection with Cross-lingual Transfer
Ahn, H., Sun, J., Park, C. Y., & Seo, J. (2020) · International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval) · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.semeval-1.206 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
#PoetsOfInstagram: Navigating The Practices And Challenges Of Novice Poets On Instagram
De, A., & Lu, Z. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642173 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fan, X., Xiao, Q., Zhou, X., Pei, J., Sap, M., Lu, Z., & Shen, H. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713477 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Who Moderates on Twitch and What Do They Do?
Seering, J., & Kairam, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3567568 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Content Moderator Mental Health, Secondary Trauma, and Well-being: A Cross-Sectional Study
Spence, R., Bifulco, A., Bradbury, P., Martellozzo, E., & DeMarco, J. (2024) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2023.0298 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Why, when, and from whom: considerations for collecting and reporting race and ethnicity data in HCI
Chen, Y. T., Smith, A. D. R., Reinecke, K., & To, A. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581122 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Tang, X., Chang, X., Chen, N., Ni, Y. (., LC, R., & Tong, X. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581286 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cook, C. L., Cai, J., & Wohn, D. Y. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555168 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In addition, while several programs have been developed to help reduce the stress and fatigue of other professionals at risk of compassion fatigue (e.g., [39, 92]), the same is not true of content moderators, who receive only inadequate support from the platform [24, 25, 75].”
BackgroundWan, R., Tong, L., Knearem, T., Li, T. J.-J., Huang, T.-H., & Wu, Q. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713379 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Freeman, G., Bardzell, J., Bardzell, S., & McNeese, N. J. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3392864 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
What's Race Got To Do With It? Engaging in Race in HCI
Smith, A. D. R., Ahmed, A. A., Garcia, A. A., Dosono, B., Ogbonnaya-Ogburu, I. F., Rankin, Y. A., To, A., & Toyama, K. (2020) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3334480.3375156 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationLe tournant affectif des recherches en communication numérique
Alloing, C., & Pierre, J. (2020) · Communiquer Revue de communication sociale et publique · doi:10.4000/communiquer.6472 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Berns, K., Rossitto, C., & Tholander, J. (2023) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1007/s10606-023-09468-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Collecting and Reporting Race and Ethnicity Data in HCI
Chen, Y. T., Smith, A. D. R., Reinecke, K., & To, A. (2022) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3491101.3519685 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Reporting the Community Beat: Practices for Moderating Online Discussion at a News Website
McInnis, B. J., Ajmani, L., Sun, L., Hou, Y., Zeng, Z., & Dow, S. P. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3476074 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“People are Way too Obsessed with Rank”: Trust System in Social Virtual Reality
Chen, Q., Cai, J., & Jacucci, G. (2024) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1007/s10606-024-09498-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kou, Y., Ma, R., Zhang, Z., Zhou, Y., & Gui, X. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642675 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Papoutsaki, A., So, S., Kenderova, G., Shapiro, B. B., & Epstein, D. A. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3479564 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Berry, E., Skea, Z. C., Campbell, M., & Locock, L. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076211074489 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Song, J. Y., Lee, S., Lee, J., Kim, M., & Kim, J. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581057 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Conversational Agents to Facilitate Deliberation on Harmful Content in WhatsApp Groups
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WeAudit: Scaffolding User Auditors and AI Practitioners in Auditing Generative AI
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"We're not all construction workers": Algorithmic Compression of Latinidad on TikTok
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The Effects of Machine-powered Platform Governance: An Empirical Study of Content Moderation
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Dismantling Gender Blindness in Online Discussion of a Crime/Gender Dichotomy
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AURA: Amplifying Understanding, Resilience, and Awareness for Responsible AI Content Work
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Capturing Covertly Toxic Speech via Crowdsourcing
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Detecting Community Sensitive Norm Violations in Online Conversations
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Combating Islamophobia: Compromise, Community, and Harmony in Mitigating Harmful Online Content
Rifat, M. R., Asha, A. Z., Jadon, S. S., Yan, X., Guha, S., & Ahmed, S. I. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Social Computing · doi:10.1145/3641510 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
AppealMod: Inducing Friction to Reduce Moderator Workload of Handling User Appeals
Atreja, S., Im, J., Resnick, P., & Hemphill, L. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3637296 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lyu, Y., Cai, J., Dosono, B., Yadav, D., & Carroll, J. M. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3687013 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Dosono, B., & Semaan, B.
- Affiliations
- Syracuse University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2019-05-02
- Pages
- 1-13
- OpenAlex
- W2941349974
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 47.75
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Emotional Labor in Professions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Economy and Work Transformation
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Digital Communication and Language
- Keywords
- emotional labor, online community moderation, identity work, volunteer burnout, solidarity, platform design
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